The departments are further divided into 42 arrondissements, 145 communes and 571 communal sections. In the Haitian community the country has multiple nicknames: Ayiti-Toma (as its origin in Ayiti Tom), Ayiti-Cheri (Ayiti my Darling), T-Desalin (Dessalines' Land) or Lakay (Home). In December of that year, Geffrard defeated the Imperial Army and seized control of most of the country. sector: [120], On 1 January 1846 Pierrot announced a fresh campaign to reimpose Haitian suzerainty over eastern Hispaniola, but his officers and men greeted this fresh summons with contempt. led to the dismantlement of the largest kidnapping ring in the country with the use of an advanced software program developed by a West Point-trained Haitian official that proved to be so effective that it has led to its foreign advisers to make inquiries. 2010. [164][160] He largely continued his father's policies, though curbed some of the worst excesses in order to court international respectability. [343] There are also smaller Haitian communities in many other countries, including Chile, Switzerland, Japan and Australia. Jackpot la monte a $161,000,000. [103], The Institute for the Protection of National Heritage has preserved 33 historical monuments and the historic center of Cap-Hatien. [302] In 2004, 80% or more of college graduates from Haiti were living abroad. In an interview with Unreported World, the prison governor stated that around 529 detainees were never sentenced, there are 3,830 detainees who are in prolonged detained trial detention. [359], Minority religions in Haiti include Islam, Bah' Faith, Judaism, and Buddhism. Haiti relies upon imports for half its food needs and 80% of its rice. Overall, about 9095% of Haitians only speak Haitian Creole/French fluently, with over half only knowing Creole.[363]. [65] Over time, many were released from slavery and they established a separate social class. [145] Haitian historians have claimed the true number was much higher, but this is not supported by most historians outside Haiti. [56], The sailors carried endemic Eurasian infectious diseases to which the native peoples lacked immunity, causing them to die in great numbers in epidemics. [203][210] An interim president, Jocelerme Privert, then took office. [147], After US forces left in 1934, Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo used anti-Haitian sentiment as a nationalist tool. Haiti (/heti/ (listen); French: Hati [a.iti]; Haitian Creole: Ayiti [ajiti]), officially the Republic of Haiti (French: Rpublique d'Hati; Haitian Creole: Repiblik d Ayiti),[13] and formerly known as Hayti,[b] is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and south of The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands. [90], The independence of Saint-Domingue was proclaimed under the native name 'Haiti' by Jean-Jacques Dessalines on 1 January 1804 in Gonaves[91][92] and he was proclaimed "Emperor for Life" as Emperor Jacques I by his troops. Boul Chans Ou | Port-au-Prince - Facebook [237] Haiti had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.01/10, ranking it 137th globally out of 172 countries. Watch. The Plateau Central (Central Plateau) extends along both sides of the Guayamouc River, south of the Massif du Nord. Matthew Lucky, Katie Auth, Alexander Ochs, et al., Haiti Sustainable Energy Roadmap: Harnessing Domestic Energy Resources to Build an Affordable, Reliable, and Climate-Compatible Electricity System (Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, 2014). A series of short lived presidencies came and went: President Pierre Nord Alexis was forced from power in 1908,[128][129] as was his successor Franois C. Antoine Simon in 1911;[130] President Cincinnatus Leconte (191112) was killed in a (possibly deliberate) explosion at the National Palace;[131] Michel Oreste (191314) was ousted in a coup, as was his successor Oreste Zamor in 1914. Outrage at the killings led to riots, and Sam was captured and killed by a lynch mob. [380], In the past, children's vaccination rates have been low as of 2012[update], 60% of the children in Haiti under the age of 10 were vaccinated,[381][382] compared to rates of childhood vaccination in other countries in the 9395% range. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKinzie1856 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMeehan1963 (, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, United Nations Stabilisation Mission (MINUSTAH), Columbia University's Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), efforts to reconstitute it are currently underway, United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, Toussaint Louverture International Airport, List of World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean, Institute for the Protection of National Heritage, "After The Group Of G8, Now Come G30 Headed By Louko Desir", "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050", "The Best Haitians Can Expect From Prime Minister Ariel Henry", "Prime Minister Henry gives commitment that Haiti will be in election mode before year end", "Haiti crisis: how did it get so bad, what is the role of gangs, and is there a way out? [109] Meanwhile, the French, who had managed to maintain a precarious control of eastern Hispaniola, were defeated by insurgents led by Juan Snchez Ramrez, with the area returning to Spanish rule in 1809 following the Battle of Palo Hincado. Although the amount of the reparations was reduced to 90 million in 1838, by 1900 80% of Haiti's government spending was debt repayment and the country did not finish repaying it until 1947.[119][86]. In 2010, the government decided to stage the event in a different city outside Port-au-Prince every year in an attempt to decentralize the country. [188][184] As political violence and crime continued to grow, a United Nations Stabilisation Mission (MINUSTAH) was brought in to maintain order. [246][247][248], Haiti is a member of a wide range of international and regional organizations, such as the United Nations, CARICOM, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, International Monetary Fund, Organisation of American States, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, OPANAL and the World Trade Organization. Presently, Brown University is cooperating with L'Hpital Saint-Damien in Haiti to coordinate a pediatric health care curriculum. Due to the religious syncretism between Catholicism and Vodou, it is difficult to estimate the number of Vodouists in Haiti. The government of Haiti is a semi-presidential republic, a multiparty system wherein the president of Haiti is head of state and elected directly by popular elections held every five years. The areas that do get electricity experience power cuts on a daily basis, and some areas are limited to 12 hours of electricity a day. [349] Making up 5% of the nation's population, mulattoes have retained their preeminence, evident in the political, economic, social and cultural hierarchy in Haiti. [153] On 27 September 1945,[154] Haiti became a founding member of the United Nations (the successor to the League of Nations, of which Haiti was also a founding member). Search Cloud Brands; tiraj midi 30 aujourd hui, tiraj bolet midi 30, tiraj rapid florida , boul rale boul tiraj rapid , tiraj rapid menm jou, tiraj rapid bolet midi 30, bolet midi 30, bolet new york, bolet ny, borlette midi, loto 3chif new york, lotrie ny, lotry midi, lotterie new york, lottery, lotto midi, lottry midi, tiraj bolet midi 30. [120], On 21 March 1849, Haitian soldiers attacked the Dominican garrison at Las Matas. [275], Unless families are able to provide the necessary funds for inmates to appear before a judge there is a very slim chance the inmate would have a trial, on average, within 10 years. Anpil ayisyen gen yon kapasite mistik pou detekte kisa rv sa yo vle di. [22] He sought to improve the economy and education, and to boost the role of black Haitians, however as he sought to consolidate his rule he too was overthrown in a coup led by Paul Magloire, who replaced him as president (195056). Boul Bolet Pa'm: Tchala - Blogger [95] Only three categories of white people were selected out as exceptions and spared: Polish soldiers, the majority of whom had deserted from the French army and fought alongside the Haitian rebels; the small group of German colonists invited to the north-west region; and a group of medical doctors and professionals. [238], Scientists at the Columbia University's Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) and the United Nations Environment Programme are working on the Haiti Regenerative Initiative an initiative aiming to reduce poverty and natural disaster vulnerability in Haiti through ecosystem restoration and sustainable resource management. [122], Emboldened by the sudden retreat of the Haitian army, the Dominicans counter-attacked. 2, links Port-au-Prince with Les Cayes via Logne and Petit-Gove. SOVAJ kmanse ak 7 oswa 1 NY. [197] The earthquake was reported to have left between 160,000 and 300,000 people dead and up to 1.6 million homeless. [22] One Maroon leader, Franois Mackandal, led a rebellion in the 1750s, however he was later captured and executed by the French. Watch. These have become national symbols of Haiti and tourist attractions. [303], Occasionally, families who are unable to care for children financially may send them to live with a wealthier family as a restavek, or house servant. [96] Reportedly, people with connections to officers in the Haitian army were also spared, as well as the women who agreed to marry non-white men. [189][22][192], Amidst the continuing political chaos, a series of natural disasters hit Haiti. [386] Ninety percent of Haiti's children suffer from waterborne diseases and intestinal parasites. [229] After the earthquake of 2010, there was no evidence of surface rupture and geologists' findings were based on seismological, geological and ground deformation data.[230]. [4] Haiti ranked 145th of 182 countries in the 2010 United Nations Human Development Index, with 57.3% of the population being deprived in at least three of the HDI's poverty measures. Notably, access to public services is very low, their quality is inadequate and public institutions remain very weak despite foreign aid and the government's declared intent to strengthen the sector's institutions. [171][172] General Prosper Avril subsequently led a military regime until March 1990. Boul rale boul Lottery New York - YouTube [22] Haiti borrowed heavily from Western banks at extremely high interest rates to repay the debt. [22] Sensing an opportunity, in August 1791 the first slave armies were established in northern Haiti under the leadership of Toussaint Louverture inspired by the Vodou houngan (priest) Boukman, and backed by the Spanish in Santo Domingo soon a full-blown slave rebellion had broken out across the entire colony. [64] In 1697 France and Spain settled their hostilities on the island by way of the Treaty of Ryswick of 1697, which divided Hispaniola between them. Nineteen days later, his ship the Santa Mara ran aground near the present site of Cap-Hatien. [283], More than 90 percent of the government's budget comes from an agreement with Petrocaribe, a Venezuela-led oil alliance. Earlier in May that year, floods had killed over 3,000 people on Haiti's southern border with the Dominican Republic. Today. [21] The remainder are of European or Arab descent, the descendants of settlers (colonial remnants and immigration during the era of the two World Wars). Boul Ki Soti Ansanm Ki Boul Danje Li Rale - Konpare 2 Boul Pa Janm F Lo Plis/Mwens F Lo LO BOUL 15 Boul 2Chif Danje TCHALA BOUL DANJE Pa Soti Pi Lontan Boul Ki Soti Plis Boul Ki Soti Mwens Pa Jwe 25 Sa Prefere 25 Sa Tanperati Boul 30 Boul 3Chif . [46] (In English, this rule for the pronunciation is often disregarded, thus the spelling Haiti is used.) In the early '90s, the army was unconstitutionally decommissioned and replaced by the Haitian National Police (PNH). Despite the well-publicized abuses under his rule, Duvalier's firm anti-Communism earned him the support of the Americans, who furnished the country with aid.[160][163]. The Tano name for the entire island was Haiti, or alternatively Quisqeya. [416], Haiti has participated in the Olympic Games since the year 1900 and won a number of medals. [122] After this campaign, Britain and France intervened and obtained an armistice on behalf of the Dominicans, who declared independence as the Dominican Republic.[122]. [87] Under the overall command of Dessalines, the Haitian armies avoided open battle, and instead conducted a successful guerrilla campaign against the Napoleonic forces, working with diseases such as yellow fever to reduce the numbers of French soldiers. [31][32] Apart from Alexandre Ption, the first President of the Republic, all of Haiti's first leaders were former slaves. The higher education schools in Haiti include the University of Haiti. However, since the 18th century there has been a sustained effort to write in Haitian Creole. [274] This leads to severe consequences for the inmates. [22] Executive power is exercised by the president and prime minister who together constitute the government. Men nou pwomt ou ke si'w swiv nou w'ap konn kijan pou genyen lan blt la pi souvan. Mezanmi men KONPAYL ak tout RALE BOUL ( Ral ), tiraj MIDI 5 MAI 2019 lan rale. [278] Haiti's per capita GDP is $1,800 and its GDP is $19.97 billion (2017 estimates). [331], In Haiti, communications include the radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet. [216] Amid the political crisis, the government of Haiti installed Ariel Henry, previously nominated by President Mose, as prime minister. [279], Following the disputed 2000 election and accusations about President Aristide's rule,[280] US aid to the Haitian government was cut off between 2001 and 2004. [300], Haiti suffers from a shortage of skilled labor, widespread unemployment, and underemployment. [297] There is no national electricity grid within the country. [241] The forests were formerly much more extensive, but have been subject to severe deforestation.[22]. by force, a process that was deeply resented by ordinary Haitians. [22][65] The free people of color petitioned the colonial government to expand their rights. [360][361] It is spoken by all educated Haitians, is the medium of instruction in most schools, and is used in the business sector. [122] In 1858 a revolution began, led by General Fabre Geffrard, Duke of Tabara. Unsafe water, along with inadequate housing and unsanitary living conditions, contributes to the high incidence of infectious diseases. [134][137], The occupation improved some of Haiti's infrastructure and centralized power in Port-au-Prince. Lottery New York - YouTube 0:00 / 1:36 Boul rale boul . [22], As in its Louisiana colony, the French colonial government allowed some rights to free people of color (gens de couleur), the mixed-race descendants of European male colonists and African female slaves (and later, mixed-race women). Office of the Historian, U.S. Government. Plan nou se mete ekilib nan bese milyon ng ap f sou. [139][134] Sisal was also introduced to Haiti, and sugarcane and cotton became significant exports, boosting prosperity. Haiti ranked last among North American countries in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI) an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. 489 Ratings. [120] Thus, a month later February 1846 when Pierrot ordered his troops to march against the Dominicans, the Haitian army mutinied, and its soldiers proclaimed his overthrow as president of the republic. Following the country's independence, they became the nation's social elite. Notable painters of this movement include Hector Hyppolite, Philom Oban and Prfte Duffaut. The Massif du Nord is an extension of the Cordillera Central in the Dominican Republic. Email: support@lisa.ht: Address: 151, avenue Jean-Paul II, Tour Digicel, Port-au-Prince: Phone : 509 2814-8800,509 2814-8811, Fax [66] The French set about creating sugar and coffee plantations, worked by vast numbers of slaves imported from Africa, and Saint-Domingue grew to become their richest colonial possession. This estimate poses a stark difference from the erroneous figure of 2% which has been oft-cited in discourse concerning the country's environmental condition. [21][22] Haiti is 27,750km2 (10,714sqmi) in size, the third largest country in the Caribbean by area, and has an estimated population of 11.4 million,[23][24] making it the most populous country in the Caribbean. [116][117][118] The enforced payments to France hampered Haiti's economic growth for years, exacerbated by the fact that many Western nations continued to refuse formal diplomatic recognition to Haiti; Britain recognized Haitian independence in 1833, and the United States not until 1862. [215], On 7 July 2021, President Mose was assassinated in an attack on his private residence, and First Lady Martine Mose was hospitalized following the overnight attack. [282] In September 2009, Haiti met the conditions set out by the IMF and World Bank's Heavily Indebted Poor Countries program to qualify for cancellation of its external debt. ", "Biographies: Franois Duvalier (19071971)", REPORT ON THE SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN HAITI, The More things change-- human rights in Haiti, "Ex-Ruler of Haiti Faces Human Rights Suit in U.S.", "For Aristide's Followers, Every Step Is a Dance, Every Cheer a Song", "Exclusive: Aristide and His Bodyguard Describe the U.S. Role In His Ouster", "The long history of troubled ties between Haiti and the US", "Haitian Gangs Seek Truce That Would Ease Elections", "Will the United Nations' legacy in Haiti be all about scandal? They lost in the opening qualifying stages against three of the pre-tournament favorites; Italy, Poland, and Argentina. [178][22] In November 1994, Hurricane Gordon brushed Haiti, dumping heavy rain and creating flash flooding that triggered mudslides. Haitian footballer Joe Gaetjens played for the United States national team in the 1950 FIFA World Cup, scoring the winning goal in the 10 upset of England. The natives were brought to these sites to work in specific plantations or industries. Rapid Response is a pro-active, business-focused, and flexible strategy designed to . According to CIA 2015 World Factbook, Haiti's literacy rate is now 60.7% (est. [398] Sculpture is also practiced in Haiti; noted artists in this form include George Liautaud and Serge Jolimeau.[399]. Yearly, around 691,000 tons of oil is imported into the country. [155][156], In 1946 Lescot was overthrown by the military, with Dumarsais Estim later becoming the new president (194650). [323], South Korean clothing manufacturer Sae-A Trading Co. Ltd, one of the park's main tenants, has created 5,000 permanent jobs out of the 20,000 projected and has built 8,600 houses in the surrounding area for its workers. Gen 3 moun ki f omwen $1,000,000 chak. Reptiles are common, with species such as the rhinoceros iguana, Haitian boa, American crocodile and gecko.[243]. In 1889 the United States attempted to force Haiti to permit the building of a naval base at Mle Saint-Nicolas, which was firmly resisted by President Hyppolite. [22][134] In December 1914, the Americans removed $500,000 from the Haitian National Bank, but rather than seize it to help pay the debt, it was removed for safe-keeping in New York, thus giving the United States control of the bank and preventing other powers from doing so. For the island, see, "Hayti" redirects here. [140] Haitian traditionalists, based in rural areas, were highly resistant to U.S.-backed changes, while the urban elites, typically mixed-race, welcomed the growing economy, but wanted more political control. Since the end of the Duvalier era Haiti has been transitioning to a democratic system.[22]. Boul ki cho nan blt Se la Tchala vin pran nesans kote yo rasanble tout sa ou ka w nan rv ou epi yo asyosye l' ak yon nimewo blt la. The arrondissement of La Gonve is located on the island of the same name, in the Golfe de la Gonve; Haiti's largest island, Gonve is moderately populated by rural villagers. [257] It is estimated that President "Baby Doc" Duvalier, his wife Michele, and their agents stole US $504 million from the country's treasury between 1971 and 1986. The constitution (written by future US President Franklin D. Roosevelt) included a clause that allowed, for the first time, foreign ownership of land in Haiti, which was bitterly opposed by the Haitian legislature and citizenry. The demoralized defenders offered almost no resistance before abandoning their weapons. [194] The state of affairs produced by these storms was intensified by already high food and fuel prices that had caused a food crisis and political unrest in April 2008. Historical Tano names for areas include: Tano cultural artifacts include cave paintings in several locations in the country. [255][22], Haiti has consistently ranked among the most corrupt countries in the world on the Corruption Perceptions Index. The national team won the 2007 Caribbean Nations Cup. Tiraj Rapid Florida AswVoici les derniers rsultats de la loterie de Modern-day Logne, started as a French colonial town in the southwest, is beside the former capital of the caciquedom of Xaragua. [366] Haitians often colloquially call Haitian Creole Kreyl. Haiti ranked number 143 out of 148 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, down from 141 in 2013.[332]. Foreign and Haitian NGOs play an important role in the sector, especially in rural and urban slum areas. Verite boul blt. [362] English and Spanish may also be spoken by Haitian deportees from the United States and various Latin American countries. There is a chronic shortage of health care personnel and hospitals lack resources, a situation that became readily apparent after the January 2010 earthquake. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. In 1971 Duvalier died, and he was succeeded by his son Jean-Claude Duvalier, nicknamed 'Baby Doc', who ruled until 1986. [242] There are also several raptor species, as well as pelicans, ibis, hummingbirds and ducks. [367] Haitian Creole is related to the other French creoles, but most closely to the Antillean Creole and Louisiana Creole variants. The inmates are forced to create makeshift hammocks from the wall and ceilings. [22] In the September 1957 election Dr. Franois Duvalier was elected President of Haiti. [47] In French, Haiti's nickname means the "Pearl of the Antilles" (La Perle des Antilles) because of both its natural beauty[48] and the amount of wealth it accumulated for the Kingdom of France. The Southern politicians who were a powerful voting bloc in the American Congress prevented U.S. recognition for decades until they withdrew in 1861 to form the Confederacy. [395], Haitian art is distinctive, particularly through its paintings and sculptures. [306], The middle and upper classes live in suburbs, or in the central part of the bigger cities in apartments, where there is urban planning. Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson tlman pwodiktif ke li sanble li pa dmi. In recent years, hydroelectric, solar and wind energy have been explored as possible sustainable energy sources. The island of Hispaniola was divided among five 'caciquedoms': the Magua in the north east, the Marien in the north west, the Jaragua in the south west, the Maguana in the central regions of Cibao, and the Higey in the south east.[52][53]. [268][269], In 2010, the New York City Police Department (NYPD) sent a team of veteran officers to Haiti to assist in the rebuilding of its police force with special training in investigative techniques, strategies to improve the anti-kidnapping personnel and community outreach to build stronger relationships with the public especially among the youth. [86] The rebel movement splintered, and Dessalines was assassinated by rivals on 17 October 1806. [75][76][77], With slavery abolished, Toussaint Louverture pledged allegiance to France, and he fought off the British and Spanish forces who had taken advantage of the situation and invaded Saint-Domingue. [22][244] The prime minister of Haiti acts as head of government and is appointed by the president, chosen from the majority party in the National Assembly. [288] Neighboring Dominican Republic has also provided extensive humanitarian aid to Haiti, including the funding and construction of a public university,[289] human capital, free healthcare services in the border region, and logistical support after the 2010 earthquake. Therefore, 80% are not convicted. It is also used in ceremonial events such as weddings, graduations and church Masses. 489 Ratings. [168], Following Duvalier's departure, army leader General Henri Namphy headed a new National Governing Council. [383] Recently there have been mass vaccination campaigns claiming to vaccinate as many as 91% of a target population against specific diseases (measles and rubella in this case). Haiti is subject to periodic droughts and floods, made more severe by deforestation. During the 18th century, the colony was the world's leading producer of sugar and coffee.[49]. [405], Monuments include the Sans-Souci Palace and the Citadelle Laferrire, inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1982. Notifications bug fixes. The festival has generated a style of Carnival music. [259], Similarly, some media outlets alleged that millions were stolen by former president Jean-Bertrand Aristide. More of the free people of color lived in the south of the island, near Port-au-Prince, and many intermarried within their community. [281] After Aristide's departure in 2004, aid was restored and the Brazilian army led a United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti peacekeeping operation. Starting in September 1824, more than 6,000 African Americans migrated to Haiti, with transportation paid by an American philanthropic group similar in function to the American Colonization Society and its efforts in Liberia. As a result piracy became widespread, encouraged by European powers hostile to Spain such as France (based on le de la Tortue) and England. Km li vire soti, li pa f sa. "[235], The soil erosion released from the upper catchments and deforestation have caused periodic and severe flooding in Haiti, as experienced, for example, on 17 September 2004. Instead, they regard them as adversaries who are "evil" and "satanic", which they are often encouraged to pray against. [306], Haiti is the world's leading producer of vetiver, a root plant used to make luxury perfumes, essential oils and fragrances, providing for half the world's supply. [94] However, once in power, he ordered the massacre of nearly all the remaining white men, women, children; between January and April 1804, 3,000 to 5,000 whites were killed, including those who had been friendly and sympathetic to the black population. Within weeks, a new pro-U.S. Haitian president, Philippe Sudr Dartiguenave, was installed and a new constitution written that was favorable to the interests of the United States. [287] European Union nations pledged more than 400 million (US$616 million). Within days, the Marines had taken control of the capital city and its banks and customs house. The "tap tap" name comes from the sound of passengers tapping on the metal bus body to indicate they want off. Brian Concannon, the director of the non-profit Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti, claims that without a substantial bribe to persuade judges, prosecutors and lawyers to undergo their case, there is no prospect for getting a trial for years. After almost four years of recession, the economy grew by 1.5% in 2005. Se konsa, chak l jw a f yon rv, li ale konsilte Tchala l', menm jan l w' f fas ak yon mo enkoni ou ale chache l' nan yon diksyon. [276], Families may send food to the penitentiary; however, most inmates depend on the meals served twice a day. It is a refined music, with mringue as its basic rhythm. Nmeros Que Siguen Nmeros Para Todaslas Loteras L Yon Boul Nan Blt [293] In addition, local agricultural products include maize, beans, cassava, sweet potato, peanuts, pistachios, bananas, millet, pigeon peas, sugarcane, rice, sorghum, and wood. [160] This enabled the restoration of the democratically elected Jean-Bertrand Aristide as president, who returned to Haiti in October to complete his term.

The Girl In The Park Ending Explained, Shooting In Port Arthur, Tx Today, Mark Reilly Strong Island Photo, Articles B