[91] Over the next few weeks, the Spanish offer turned into the talk of Europe. The Zollverein freed trade between most of the German states, with the exception of Austria. The AP European History course and exam are undergoing a redesign for the 2015-2016 school year. The Catholic Center Party remained particularly well entrenched in the Catholic strongholds of Bavaria and southern Baden, and in urban areas that held high populations of displaced rural workers seeking jobs in the heavy industry, and sought to protect the rights not only of Catholics, but other minorities, including the Poles, and the French minorities in the Alsatian lands. Since the 15th century, with few exceptions, the Empire's Prince-electors had chosen successive heads of the House of Habsburg from the Duchy of Austria to hold the title of Holy Roman Emperor. [38], The Bavarian Ludwig Railway, which was the first passenger or freight rail line in the German lands, connected Nuremberg and Frth in 1835. Western Civilization, since 1300. The process symbolically concluded with the ceremonial proclamation of the German Empire i.e. [84] Austria's influence over the German states may have been broken, but the war also splintered the spirit of pan-German unity, as many German states resented Prussian power politics. Even after the end of the Holy Roman Empire, this competition influenced the growth and development of nationalist movements in the 19th century. The Spanish, looking for a suitable Catholic successor, had offered the post to three European princes, each of whom was rejected by Napoleon III, who served as regional power-broker. Brunswick joined the Zollverein Customs Union in 1842, while Hanover and Oldenburg finally joined in 1854[32] After the Austro-Prussian war of 1866, Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg were annexed by Prussia and thus annexed also to the Customs Union, while the two Mecklenburg states and the city states of Hamburg and Bremen joined late because they were reliant on international trade. Any story of German unification must include Otto von Bismarck (181598). This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 19:38. In responding to the Schleswig-Holstein Question, they both proved equally diligent in doing so. Correct answers: 1 question: Which statement about an important event that led to german unification is true? cjones004. Although some of the outlying German provinces were not serviced by rail until the 1890s, the majority of the population, manufacturing centers, and production centers were linked to the rail network by 1865. During the Revolution of 1848, liberals met in the Frankfurt Assembly and drafted a constitution modeled on the ideals of the French Revolution of 1789. In particular, it involved a struggle over language, education, and religion. Learning Opportunities for AP Coordinators, The Structures of Nineteenth-Century Government, Students will be able to explain the sources of German nationalismincluding cultural, intellectual, religious, political, and socialand to describe the tensions between nationalism as cultural or linguistic "sameness," e.g., "German," and nationalism as defined by loyalty to a national political institution, e.g., "Germany.". From the German perspective, the actions of Blcher's troops at Waterloo, and the combined efforts at Leipzig, offered a rallying point of pride and enthusiasm. In addition, the notion of a distinctive path relies upon the underlying assumption that some other nation's path (in this case, the United Kingdom's) is the accepted norm. . The invasion of Russia included nearly 125,000 troops from German lands, and the loss of that army encouraged many Germans, both high- and low-born, to envision a Central Europe free of Napoleon's influence. For the most part, these Polish-speaking Catholics did not assimilate into German culture, and Bismarck often dealt with the Poles in a brutal manner, eventually expelling large numbers of Poles and Polish Jews in 1885. The unifications were different. [119], Another important element in nation-building, the story of the heroic past, fell to such nationalist German historians as the liberal constitutionalist Friedrich Dahlmann (17851860), his conservative student Heinrich von Treitschke (18341896), and others less conservative, such as Theodor Mommsen (18171903) and Heinrich von Sybel (18171895), to name two. During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, many of the previously strong barriers between Jews and Christians broke down. What did they stand for? The external tariffs on finished goods and overseas raw materials were below the rates of the Zollverein. With its wording shortened and sharpened by Bismarckand further alterations made in the course of its translation by the French agency Havasthe Ems Dispatch raised an angry furor in France. Comparing and contrasting Wagner's views of nationalism in "Art and Revolution" with Bismarck's speech to the Prussian Lower House, what are the strengths and weaknesses of each view? Learn about the unification of Germany, a summary, and timeline in European history. The militaries of the larger states (such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Saxony) retained some autonomy, but they underwent major reforms to coordinate with Prussian military principles and came under federal government control in wartime. Luther and Qin both lived in a society filled with disunity and corruption, hence why both decided to make a change. Its former leading state, the Austrian Empire, was along with the majority of its allies excluded from the ensuing North German Confederation Treaty sponsored by Prussia which directly annexed Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, Nassau, and the city of Frankfurt, while Hesse Darmstadt lost some territory but kept its statehood. [22], Crucially, both the Wartburg rally in 1817 and the Hambach Festival in 1832 had lacked any clear-cut program of unification. This seemed to be the most logical course since Prussia was the strongest of the German states, as well as the largest in geographic size. So, we haven't talked much about Italy and Germany so far in Crash Course Euro, and that's because prior to the mid-19th century, those two nation-states weren't really a thing. To name only a few of these studies: Geoff Eley. Its borders resembled those of its predecessor, the Holy Roman Empire (though there were some deviations e.g. Nor did it develop particularly early, being rather a largely mid-to-late-19th-century phenomenon. [17] In this context, one can detect its roots in the experience of Germans in the Napoleonic period. [58], This sphere of influence system depended upon the fragmentation of the German and Italian states, not their consolidation. The revolutionaries pressured various state governments, particularly those in the Rhineland, for a parliamentary assembly that would have the responsibility to draft a constitution. [21], At the Wartburg Festival in 1817 the first real movements among the students were formed - fraternities and student organizations emerged. AP Euro: Unification 6 HISTORY on leer en el cafe 6 Verified answer Recommended textbook solutions Deutsch Aktuell: Level 1 1st Edition ISBN: 9780821952054 Wolfgang Kraft 303 solutions Vorsprung: A Communicative Introduction to German Language and Culture 4th Edition ISBN: 9780357036983 (5 more) Douglas J. For instance Italy was brought together when the Franco-Prussian war withdrew France from Rome. The career and music of Richard Wagner offer a unique interdisciplinary approach to the romantic aspect of German nationalism. Concurrent with this idea, movements to preserve old fortresses and historic sites emerged, and these particularly focused on the Rhineland, the site of so many confrontations with France and Spain.[43]. A complete overview of the AP European History exam. Sch?nhausen, Duke von Lauenburg--was a Prussian statesman who in 1871 founded the German . Further complications emerged as a result of a shift in industrialization and manufacturing; as people sought jobs, they left their villages and small towns to work during the week in the cities, returning for a day and a half on weekends. In 1806, after a successful invasion of Prussia and the defeat of Prussia at the joint battles of Jena-Auerstedt 1806 during the War of the Third Coalition, Napoleon dictated the Treaty of Pressburg which included the formal dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the abdication of Emperor Francis II from the nominal reign over it. The German Conquest of France in 18701871. Josep R. Llobera and Goldsmiths' College. Different groups offered different solutions to this problem. [68], By 1862, when Bismarck made his speech, the idea of a German nation-state in the peaceful spirit of Pan-Germanism had shifted from the liberal and democratic character of 1848 to accommodate Bismarck's more conservative Realpolitik. [49] Furthermore, this argument maintains, the "failure" of 1848 reaffirmed latent aristocratic longings among the German middle class; consequently, this group never developed a self-conscious program of modernization. Garibaldi, supported by his legion of Red Shirts-- mostly young Italian democrats who . Ten Minute History - German Unification and Empire (Short Documentary) History Matters 3.3M views 5 years ago The Roads to World War I: Crash Course European History #32 CrashCourse 870K. The question became not a matter of if but rather when unification would occur, and when was contingent upon strength. Those who speak the same language are joined to each other by a multitude of invisible bonds by nature herself, long before any human art begins; they understand each other and have the power of continuing to make themselves understood more and more clearly; they belong together and are by nature one and an inseparable whole. The traditional view, promulgated in large part by late 19th- and early 20th-century pro-Prussian historians, maintains that Bismarck's intent was always German unification. Crimean War in 3 Minutes MindTap: The France of Napoleon . German and Italian unification was the fruit of the nationalism in 19th century. The Congress established a loose German Confederation (18151866), headed by Austria, with a "Federal Diet" (called the Bundestag or Bundesversammlung, an assembly of appointed leaders) that met in the city of Frankfurt am Main. [67] Second, his emphasis on blood and iron did not imply simply the unrivaled military might of the Prussian army but rather two important aspects: the ability of the assorted German states to produce iron and other related war materials and the willingness to use those war materials if necessary. The ensuing furor has been dubbed by historians as the Hohenzollern candidature. 52% average accuracy. Finally, as Prussian military capacity far exceeded that of Austria, Prussia was clearly the only state within the Confederation (or among the German states generally) capable of protecting all of them from potential interference or aggression. Consequently, a German nation united under one banner presented significant questions. In 1866, most mid-sized German states had opposed Prussia, but by 1870 these states had been coerced and coaxed into mutually protective alliances with Prussia. Prussia won and directly annexed some of the German states that had sided . They could also attend universities and enter the professions. Following the 1848 upheavals, Wagner penned his essay, "Art and Revolution," in which he argued that the task of the artist is to effect political change through artistic expression. Several states were promoted to kingdoms such as the Kingdom of Bavaria, the Kingdom of Saxony or the Kingdom of Hanover. [87] In 1867, the Austrian emperor Franz Joseph accepted a settlement (the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867) in which he gave his Hungarian holdings equal status with his Austrian domains, creating the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.[88]. Furthermore, elections were generally free of chicanery, engendering pride in the national parliament. We need a nation courageous enough to give us a lead in this direction. Despite the legal, administrative, and political disruption caused by the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German-speaking people of the old Empire had a common linguistic, cultural, and legal tradition. This may have been a pleasing prospect for Bismarck, but it was unacceptable to either Napoleon III or to Agenor, duc de Gramont, his minister of foreign affairs. Cambridge University Press.2003. . Finally, Germany was not entirely German. Beyond the salons, Jews continued a process of Germanization in which they intentionally adopted German modes of dress and speech, working to insert themselves into the emerging 19th-century German public sphere. Last edited on 22 February 2023, at 19:38, accession of South German states and constitutional adoption of the name German Empire, Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Constitution of the German Confederation (1871), dissolution of its dominant founding federated state, August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben, Helmuth von Moltke the Elder Moltke's Theory of War, Modern History Sourcebook: Documents of German Unification, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Germany&oldid=1140984542, Kocka, Jrgen and Mitchell, Allan. Bismarck, a member of Prussia's Junker class, the conservative nobility who served the Prussian state as officers in the military or as governmental bureaucrats, was completely devoted to the Prussian crown, God, and German unification. [19], The assassination of German dramatist August von Kotzebue in March 1819 by a radical student seeking unification was followed on 20 September 1819 by the proclamation of the Carlsbad Decrees, which hampered intellectual leadership of the nationalist movement. In addition, a large part of Poland had been part of Prussia since the eighteenth century. During this period, European liberalism gained momentum; the agenda included economic, social, and political issues. Grand speeches, flags, exuberant students, and picnic lunches did not translate into a new political, bureaucratic, or administrative apparatus. However, central Europe's heterogeneous population meant that creating any "natural" type of Germany would be virtually impossible. A liberal professor, historian, and theologian, and generally a titan among late 19th-century scholars, Mommsen served as a delegate to the Prussian House of Representatives from 1863 to 1866 and 1873 to 1879; he also served as a delegate to the Reichstag from 1881 to 1884, for the liberal German Progress Party (Deutsche Fortschrittspartei) and later for the National Liberal Party. A policy of Germanization of non-German people of the empire's population, including the Polish and Danish minorities, started with language, in particular, the German language, compulsory schooling (Germanization), and the attempted creation of standardized curricula for those schools to promote and celebrate the idea of a shared past. The chancellor was accountable solely to, and served entirely at the discretion of, the Emperor. The movement to unite Italy into one cultural and political entity was known as the Risorgimento (literally, "resurgence"). [76], In the Diet, the group of middle-sized states, known as Mittelstaaten (Bavaria, Wrttemberg, the grand duchies of Baden and Hesse, and the duchies of SaxonyWeimar, SaxonyMeiningen, SaxonyCoburg, and Nassau), supported complete demobilization within the Confederation. The reality of defeat for Austria also caused a reevaluation of internal divisions, local autonomy, and liberalism. Judicial System: Body of Prince electors that often fought. Austria's Duel Monarchy- In 1867 the Germans tried a new method of unitifiction. AP Euro: German Unification 45,625 views Jan 31, 2015 546 Dislike Share Paul Sargent 28.5K subscribers An overview of the process of German unification, with an emphasis on the role of Otto. The effects of the railway were immediate. William, crowned King Wilhelm I in 1861, appointed Otto von Bismarck to the position of Minister-President of Prussia in 1862. In these states, German life has its positive and negative polesin the former, all the interests [that] are national and reformative, in the latter, all that are dynastic and destructive. German Unification Before 1870 Economic success, political failure, and diplomatic tension marked the idea of a unified Germany in the period after the Napoleonic Wars. [33] As people moved around, they came into contact with others, on trains, at hotels, in restaurants, and for some, at fashionable resorts such as the spa in Baden-Baden. On 5 July, the Frankfurt Diet voted for an additional 10 articles, which reiterated existing rules on censorship, restricted political organizations, and limited other public activity. AP stands for "Advanced Placement"; it is a test intended for U.S. or foreign high school students to prove extraordinary knowledge. This hope would prove futile since the 1866 treaty came into effect and united all German states militarilyif not happilyto fight against France. Many of the states did not have constitutions, and those that did, such as the Duchy of Baden, based suffrage on strict property requirements which effectively limited suffrage to a small portion of the male population. italian unification ap european history crash course albert . Played 22 times. Not being a member mattered more for the states of south Germany, since the external tariff of the Customs Union prevented customs-free access to the coast (which gave access to international markets). The Imperial Diet had the power to pass, amend, or reject bills, but it could not initiate legislation. The dramatic prelude to the war occurred largely in Frankfurt, where the two powers claimed to speak for all the German states in the parliament. Ap euro 21 - lecture notes; Ap euro 23 - lecture notes; Ap euro 24 - lecture notes; Ap euro 25 - lecture notes; Ap euro 26 - lecture notes; . The other states retained their own governments, but the military forces of the smaller states came under Prussian control. Sometimes, as with the case of German Catholics, this was a relatively benign process; the case of Poland, however, shows a different side of German unification. He instead created a seating plan by which all seats faced the stage directly. Such leadership, of course, is required not to dominate other peoples but to lead them along the path of duty, to lead them toward the brotherhood of nations where all the barriers erected by egoism will be destroyed." Consequently, Prussian leaders expected to play a pivotal role in German politics. Giuseppe Mazzini and his leading pupil, Giuseppe Garibaldi, failed in their attempt to create an Italy united by democracy. [89] The Austro-Prussian War also damaged relations with the French government. The reason is that the world lacks a nation [that] possesses true leadership. Document Packet Document 1 Otto von Bismarck: Letter to Minister von Manteuffel, 1856 Because of the policy of Vienna [the Congress of Vienna, 1815], Germany is clearly too small for us both [Prussia and Austria]; as long as an honorable arrangement concerning the influence of each in Germany cannot be concluded and . Furthermore, it was becoming increasingly clear that both Austria and Prussia wanted to be the leaders in any resulting unification; each would inhibit the drive of the other to achieve unification. The Second Schleswig War resulted in victory for the combined armies of Prussia and Austria, and the two countries won control of Schleswig and Holstein in the concluding peace of Vienna, signed on 30 October 1864. The southern states became officially incorporated into a unified Germany at the Treaty of Versailles of 1871 (signed 26 February 1871; later ratified in the Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871), which formally ended the war. That is a short German unification summary, but the process was complex, and you can learn more about it by looking at the German unification timeline and detailed account of the wars of . With France, Bismarck benefited from Emperor Napoleon III's failed campaign in Mexico, which distracted the French from European affairs. The "Witch. Bismarck's response to the Lower House was his famous "iron and blood" speech. web dbq the unification of germany and italy answer all questions on looseleaf will be graded as a test introduction the 19th century was one of constant political turmoil napoleon conquered lands and united them into an empire The blockades on the Rhine had been removed by Napoleon's orders, but by the 1820s, steam engines freed riverboats from the cumbersome system of men and animals that towed them upstream. However, by the 19th century, transportation and communications improvements started to bring these regions closer together. History. Prussia thus exercised influence in both bodies, with executive power vested in the Prussian King as Kaiser, who appointed the federal chancellor.