He is without a doubt best known for his theory of multiple intelligences-the highly influential idea that the sort of intelligence measured by standardized IQ tests is only one among a variety of types of intelligence deployed by human beings in their interactions with the world around them (especially the social world). Gardner has close to 500 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters to his credit, not to mention several hundred op-ed pieces, essays, blog posts, and other articles aimed at a popular audience. More specific projects that have grown out of this overriding interest include the exploration of moral judgments in babies, of the role that anger, disgust, and empathy play in the moral lives of adults, of our commonsense understanding of ourselves as possessing free will, of the nature of pleasure (especially, the pleasure we derive from fiction), of the psychology of religious belief and atheism, and of our commonsense feeling that our self, or soul, is separate from our body. Nevertheless, one thing is certain: academic influence doesnt come much greater than this. Socioculturalists argue that understanding a person's behavior requires knowing about the cultural context in which the behavior occurs (Matsumoto & Juang, 2013). Leda Cosmidess UC-Santa Barbara website. Psychology 101. He argues that flow-generating tasks are ones that people experience as rewarding for their own sake, as opposed to merely instrumental to some end. With increasing technical sophistication and with the development of more precise noninvasive methods that can be applied to human subjects, Biological psychologists are beginning to contribute to other classical topic areas of psychology, such as: Language; Reasoning and decision making; Consciousness. A John's Hopkins University professor, Dr. John B. Watson, and a graduate student wanted to test a learning process called classical conditioning. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has received the Distinguished Scientist Award conferred by the American Psychological Association (APA), both in 2012. Thus, it can be seen that Gilligans ideas have been hugely influential; nevertheless, they have not been immune from criticism. 10 Most Influential Psychologists - Verywell Mind Descartes also elaborated on a theory in which the pneumatics of bodily fluids could explain reflexes and other motor behavior. He is especially well known for his distinction between two different forms of long-term memory, semantic and episodic, which was one of the earliest proposals involving cognitive modules. For example, in a clinical setting the Posner cueing task may be employed to assess attention deficits in a subject following brain injury. Cosmides has stated that one reason for casting such a wide net is to illustrate how fruitful and productive evolutionary psychology analyses can be. In Gergens relational view of the self, for example, our sense of self is wholly dependent upon the scope for social action afforded us by our place in society. Moreover, he rejects the ideal of rationality usually associated with the social sciences, pointing out that such ideals themselves derive from particular historically and culturally bound structures. He has also been heavily involved in the field of psychological measurement, having helped design a number of widely used tests, including the Childrens Test of Nonword Repetition (CN REP), the Speed and Capacity of Language Processing Test (SCOLP), and the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test(RBMT). He took his bachelors degree magna cum laude in 1942 from Brown University, and received his MD in 1946 from Yale Medical School. Developmental Psychology 101: Theories, Stages, & Research Pargament was born in Washington, DC, in 1950. In other work, Shepard has conducted experiments on the auditory system. In his later years, Fahrenberg also published a number of articles on the history of psychology as a scientific discipline, the philosophy of science, and the conceptual interactions between psychology and philosophy. Asch, Solomon - Conformity Experiment. . Some schools of psychology are almost strictly Darwinian, such as ethological psychology (the most famous 20th century ethological psychologist is Konrad Lorenz) and evolutionary psychology. Criminologists look at the causes, consequences, and control of criminal acts, and by considering both the individual, and wider societal influences, seek to find ways to prevent crime. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1951; idem, Attachment and Loss, Vol. Linehan was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 1943. In addition to personality psychology, his ideas have been influential in the fields of business management and education. Corrections? A simple person from Northern Arabia who loves education and have 300 credit hours of higher education. In a nutshell, Gergen imported into social psychology the doctrine of social constructivism, which originated in such fields as linguistics (Edward Sapir, Benjamin Whorf), sociology (Alfred Schtz, Peter Berger), anthropology (Franz Boas, Alfred Kroeber, Clifford Geertz), and philosophy (Thomas Kuhn, Nelson Goodman, Michel Foucault). Mischel is most closely associated with the claim, originally made in his 1968 book Personality and Assessment, that personality traits are highly context-dependent, and that the notion there is a stable personality which manifests uniformly over time and across varied social contexts, as previously believed, is a myth. Loftuss work has focused on human memory. With a comprehensive array of features and a user-friendly platform, Monday aims to support teachers, directors, and students in delivering and receiving the best education possible. He is currently the David Starr Jordan Professor Emeritus of Social Science in Psychology at Stanford University. Welcome to a new edition of the Famous Interviews with Joe Dimino series .. On this episode, we talk with Mental Health Advocate & Writer Maggie Kelly .. She is a writer who focuses on mental health and personal development. In his path-breaking early work, Anderson collaborated with Herbert Simon and other giants in the history of cognitive science. Trust Monday to help you streamline your schoolwork and enhance the quality of . As a result of his decades of research on infants, Meltzoff stresses the importance of infant imitation for laying the proper foundations for the normal development of our very humanity: They have a hand, you have a hand and they recognize the similarity and thats the initial bridge between self and other that gives rise, when theyre older, to a feeling of empathy for others and caring for others.[7]. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Baddeley was born in Leeds, in the UK, in 1934. OKeeffe and Nadel published their ground-breaking work in 1978 in their landmark book, The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map. Her work has been extraordinarily wide-ranging, analyzing from an evolutionary point of view everything from the psychology of cooperation, coalition and friendship formation, incest avoidance, and autism, to threat interpretation, predator-prey relationships, visual attention, statistical reasoning, and multiple memory systems. Later, Goleman worked primarily as a literary journalist and freelance writer. Haidt first became widely known for his work in the field of positive psychology (happiness research), especially for his 2005 book, The Happiness Hypothesis. Throughout his career, Nadel has worked on the neural underpinnings of memory, though he has also branched out into other fields, such as the neurobiology and treatment of Down Syndrome. She received her bachelors degree in philosophy from Reed College, and her Ph.D. in cognitive psychology from Harvard University. However, like several other psychologists on this list, Barrett has come to see the value of interdisciplinary efforts to study the mind. Descartes, for example, suggested that the pineal gland, a midline unpaired structure in the brain of many organisms, was the point of contact between mind and body. Her work has centered on ecological psychology as it relates to the cognitive development of children, especially the way in which Gibsonian affordance theory throws light on how the mental manipulation of make-believe objects in childrens play is possible, how this unique cognitive capacity develops, and the important role it plays in healthy adult cognitive performance. In a nutshell, the all-nurture (or blank-slate) theory of human reasoning ability is now untenable in light of Gopniks findings. To cite one well-known example from his work, Kurzban has argued that human beings undoubtedly possess an innate tendency to notice facial and other morphological features of people different from themselves, due to the social context of small-scale hunter-gatherer bands within which hominization occurred. He is perhaps best known for his EEG and fMRI studies of the brains of Tibetan monks while meditating. Who is the most famous psychologist? In his most famous experiment, he arranged for 24 student volunteers to be randomly assigned to the roles of guards and prisoners in a mock prison built in the basement of a Stanford University Psychology Department building (whence the name, the Stanford Prison Experiment). Goleman was born in Stockton, California, in 1946. Lewis originally intended to become a doctor, but never received his medical degree. He received his bachelors degree in 1972 from Harvard College, and his doctorate in 1976 from Oxford University. It is sometimes alternatively called "psychophysiology," and in recent years also "cognitive neuroscience." Other topics he has studied over the years include the influence of families and schools on child development, reading disorders, and the comparative importance of genetic and environmental factors on normal and pathological development. He is currently the James B. Duke Professor of Psychology and Behavioral Economics at Duke Universitys Fuqua School of Business. Correlatively, Pargament has identified four attitudes toward religion on the part of psychotherapists: rejectionists, who disdain religion and refuse to recognize any therapeutic value in it; exclusivists, who regard religion as an essential component of therapy for everyone regardless of belief; constructionists, who are willing to incorporate religion into therapy, but who deny the objective existence of transcendent (or any other) reality; and pluralists, who recognize the reality of the transcendent, but also acknowledge the validity of different approaches to it. Here the ten most famous cognitive psychologists. In working with his patients, Beck came to believe that it was their distorted view of reality-their inability to understand the objective causes and effects operating in the concrete situations facing themthat lay at the root of their psychological suffering. Gilligan is the author or co-author or some 100 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of nine academic books, as well as a novel. One of the most eminent and formidable Austrian psychologists was Sigmund Freud (1856) known for his uncanny methods and observations. She received her bachelors degree in sociology and comparative literature from Brandeis University, and her Ph.D. in social psychology in 1971 from the University of Michigan. Psychoananalytic, behaviourist, biological and cognitive psychology He is currently Emeritus Professor in the Department of Psychology of the University of Toronto, as well as Tanenbaum Chair in Cognitive Neuroscience at the Rotman Research Institute of the Baycrest Health Sciences Centre in Toronto and Clark Way Distinguished Visiting Professor of Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience at Washington University in St. Louis. [9] The influential work of Claude Bernard, Charles Bell, and William Harvey helped to convince the scientific community that reliable data could be obtained from living subjects. 12. Famous Psychologists Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change Theory of Planned Behaviour Theory of Reasoned Action Here, she began by postulating two basic principles: first, the task of category systems is to provide maximum information with the least cognitive effort; second, the perceived world comes as structured information rather than as arbitrary or unpredictable attributes. In line with the well-known work of Noam Chomsky, Pinker further argued that the capacity for language is instinctive with respect to deep grammatical structure (universal grammar), and that experience merely shapes this instinctive behavior into the specific forms (surface grammar and lexicon) of a particular language. She is currently Professor of Psychology at the University of California, Berkeley, with an affiliate appointment in the Philosophy Department. While Spelke supports the idea that many or most of our cognitive abilities have an innate, or biological, foundation, after long empirical study she has concluded that there is no evidence for any systematic biological difference between males and females with respect to any of the several cognitive capacities underlying general mathematical ability (numerical reasoning, spatial reasoning, logical reasoning, etc.). He is also the author, co-author, or editor of more than a dozen books. With well over 200 peer-reviewed papers and a half dozen books (as sole author or co-editor) to her credit, Barrett has received wide recognition in the form of honors and awards too numerous to mention, notably election as Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 2005 and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 2008. He is currently Professor of Developmental Psychopathology at University College London. He therefore urges us to redirect our energies towards ordinary, everyday experiences with family and friends, if we would be happy. However, it was her study of the meditative practices of Zen Buddhismwhich she sees as sharing many features with Christian prayerthat led her to focus on the specific approach for which she has become world-famous, and which she came to call dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT). With the help of AcademicInfluence.com to get a base list of influencers, we have created the list below. [3] Avicenna also gave psychological explanations for certain somatic illnesses, and he always linked the physical and psychological illnesses together. Anderson was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in 1947. A different type of study from the 1960s for which Mischel is even better known-especially to the public at largeinvolves preschoolers ability to exercise self-control. He is currently Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Stanford University. R.N. One of the earliest textbooks in the new field, The Principles of Psychology by William James (1890), argues that the scientific study of psychology should be grounded in an understanding of biology: Bodily experiences, therefore, and more particularly brain-experiences, must take a place amongst those conditions of the mental life of which Psychology need take account. Schrgers own work has focused on audition (the sense of hearing) in relation to attention, perception, and memory. Biological psychology examines the relationship between mind and body, neural mechanisms, and the influence of heredity on behavior. Evolutionary psychologists acknowledge their debt to sociobiology but point out that they add a dimension to sociobiology: psychological mechanisms. In 1995, he published Emotional Intelligence, which became a huge international bestseller and made the books title into a household phrase. She is currently Professor of Organizational Behavior in the Faculty of Hautes tudes Commerciales, or HEC (which is to say, the Business School), of the University of Lausanne. There are various different approaches to contemporary psychology. focuses on how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Ekman has published some 170 peer-reviewed journal articles or book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of some 15 books. He obtained his Ph.D. in psychology in 1962 from the University of Michigan. Diener, who has a very high citation h-index score of 102, has published more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters. Dr. Andrew Meltzoff: Born Learning (CGTN America [China Global Television Network], January 2, 2016). She is currently Marshall L. Berkman Professor of Psychology in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University, as well as a member of Harvards Graduate School of Education and Director of the universitys Laboratory for Developmental Studies. The recipient of many awards, grants, and honorary degrees, Meltzoff sits on the editorial board of eight academic journals and the advisory board or board of trustees of four foundations. Regarded as the greatest living psychologist, Bandura is also counted among the most influential psychologists ever. Finally, in recent years Diener has begun to explore some of the implications of his findings for politics and public policy, notably in a widely read paper he co-wrote with Martin Seligman (see below), Beyond Money: Toward an Economy of Well-Being.[3]. He suggested replacing Bowlbys single-causal-factor model with a multivariate analysis of vulnerability factors. biological psychology, also called physiological psychology or behavioral neuroscience, the study of the physiological bases of behaviour. While controversial, Pinkers fascinating, information-packed, and highly readable popular books have deservedly won him an enormous audience. He was elected Member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 2004, and Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1991. He is the recipient of numerous grants, awards, and prizes, has held a number of prestigious board memberships and editorships in his field, and is a Fellow of both the American Psychological Association (APA) and the American Psychology Society(APS). Wilhelm Wundt. He earned his bachelors degree in 1976 from the University of Texas at Austin, and his Ph.D. in 1981 from the University of California, Berkeley. He returned to England with his family at an early age. The roots of biopsychology began when Charles Darwin formulated his theory of natural selection during his global travels. Rutter pointed to many other factors besides the quality of mothering that may have a demonstrable influence on healthy psychological development, including genetic endowment, the wider family, the school, and various other social, institutional, and ecological environments. Together with John Tooby, Cosmides co-founded and co-directs the Center for Evolutionary Psychology at UC-Santa Barbara. Donald Hebb - The Decision Lab This is a classic method in which neural activity is enhanced by application of a small electrical current (too small to cause significant cell death). In a nutshell, he believes that, just as we build the material world of buildings, tools, vehicles, etc. The recipient of numerous awards, grants, fellowships, lectureships, and honorary degrees, in 2013 Gopnik was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The "Biopsychosocial Model": 40 years of application in Psychiatry Wundt, better known as the father of psychology, has made unique contributions in the field of cognitive psychology. What is the view of biological psychologists? With time, however, Blooms work has become increasingly ambitious, crossing over into the territory of philosophy. ), a physician who in The Canon of Medicine, recognized physiological psychology in the treatment of illnesses involving emotions, and developed a system for associating changes in the pulse rate with inner feelings, which is seen as an anticipation of the word association test. Best Project Management Software for Education One of the founders of scientific psychology, William James (1842-1910), actually treated psychology as a biological science and recognized the importance of the brain for consciousness, but the great Russian physiologist and 1904 Nobel Laureate Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) might arguably be considered the first Through all these methods, biological psychology is a hopeful domain, one that has much to offer in terms of improving the quality of life of the healthy as well as those suffering from disorders. In addition, Shepard invented a new method of graphically representing statistical data called multidimensional scaling. Herrnstein, R. J. While many on our list have a foot in more than one disciplinary camp, to be included here their main academic position had to be located within either a psychology department or a psychiatry department (within a medical school). She has also published a number of articles and books of a pedagogical nature in both languages. Psychologists often try to explain psychological concepts in light of biological processes. [5] He received his bachelors degree with first-class honors from the University of Westminster, and his doctorate in experimental psychology from the University of Sussex, both in the UK. A Class Divided Study Conducted By: Jane Elliott. 9. ", Thorndike, Edward. He was among the pioneering cohort of psychologists who rejected the then-reigning theory of behaviorism, which programmatically ignored the mental mediation of behavior. Gilligan (ne Friedman) was born in New York City in 1936. William James, like many early psychologists, had considerable training in physiology. As a developmental psychologist, Damon has focused his research efforts particularly on the intellectual and social development of children, adolescents, and young adults, but also, to a lesser degree, on psychological development of persons throughout the lifespan. fMRI or functional magnetic resonance imaging is a technique frequently applied to human subjects, in which changes in cerebral blood flow can be detected in an MRI apparatus and are taken to indicate relative activity of larger scale brain regions (on the order of hundreds of thousands of neurons). Psychology Is Ever-Evolving Learn More John Broadus Watson John B. Watson was a U.S. psychologist who is regarded as the father of behaviorism because of his publication from 1913, Psychology As The Behaviorist Views It. 7 Famous Psychology Experiments - King University Online Zimbardo is the author or co-author of well over 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author, co-author, or editor of more than 20 books. She is currently an independent writer and lecturer. Aronsons work has focused on the social dimension of human motivational systems, such as the structural reasons for prejudice and aggression, as well as more cognitively oriented dimensions, such as cognitive dissonance (the discomfort we feel when some of our beliefs contradict others). Barrett (ne Feldman) was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in 1963. Csikszentmihlyi has worked almost exclusively in the field of positive psychology-the investigation of the positive human affective states such as pleasure, happiness, joy, love, and creativity. Kahneman received his bachelors degree in psychology and mathematics in 1954 from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The emergence of both psychology and biological psychology as legitimate sciences can be traced from the emergence of physiology from anatomy, particularly neuroanatomy. Theories of the relationship between body and mind date back at least to Aristotle, who conjectured that the two exist as aspects of the same entity, the mind being merely one of the bodys functions. In her work with infants, she has made extensive use of the technique, originally developed by Robert Fantz, known as preferential looking, in which investigators present babies with different images and measure the length of time they spend looking at them. It was there that she worked closely with developmental psychologists Erik Erikson and Lawrence Kohlberg. In 2000, he received the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award for lifetime achievement from the American Psychological Association(APA). He is undoubtedly best known as the person primarily responsible for the cognitive approach to therapy for depression, which in its modern form of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has become the gold standard for the clinical treatment of depression, with a much higher success rate than other types of psychotherapy. Similarly, males are predisposed to promiscuity (because of the low physiological cost of their gametes) and to intense jealousy (to avoid being duped into giving resources to offspring not genetically related to them), whereas females are predisposed to give the appearance of fidelity (though not necessarily always the reality). He is also Director of Research at Mindlab International, an internationally recognized neuromarketing firm. He is currently Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at the University of Michigan, as well as Director of the Affective Neuroscience and Biopsychology Lab there. All other life circumstances (education, marital status, financial status, etc.) Famous Interviews with Joe Dimino - Mental Health Advocate & Writer Buss was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1953. Schrgers work carries on the great tradition of what used to be called psychophysics, which was in fact the beginning of the science of psychology as an intellectual discipline distinct from philosophy and the moral sciences (as work in what we would now call the social sciences used to termed) in the nineteenth century.

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