[78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. Cinna violently quarrelled with his co-consul, Gnaeus Octavius. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. [59] Sulla attempted also to assist Lucius' relief of the city of Aesernia, which was under siege, but both men were unsuccessful. How Do I Find - Primary Sources | UCR Library He had one child from this union, before his first wife's death. to the Birth of the Roman Empire (1969). Editor: Paul Halsall. In the sciences and social sciences, primary sources or 'primary research' are original research experiments, studies, or . [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. Lucius Cornelius Sulla | YourDictionary He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched a second time on Rome, and crushed the populares and their Italian allies at the Battle of the Colline Gate. Further, Sulla failed to frame a settlement whereby the army (following the Marian reforms allowing nonland-owning soldiery) remained loyal to the Senate, rather than to generals such as himself. [86] He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia. Eyeglasses from Colonial America would be a primary source about Early American History. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". [100] The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible. [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. The Roman general and dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 B.C.) Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. Shortly before Sulla's first consulship, the Romans fought the bloody Social War against their . After the battle, Marius withdrew to Praeneste and was there besieged. At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. Gill. [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. [17], One story, "as false as it is charming", relates that when Sulla was a baby, his nurse was carrying him around the streets, until a strange woman walked up to her and said, "Puer tibi et reipublicae tuae felix", which can be translated as, "The boy will be a source of luck to you and your state". This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . Primary sources are the evidence of history, original records or objects created by participants or observers at the time historical . Sulla's law waived the sponsio, allowing such cases to be heard without it. Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. Primary Source Set World War I - Library of Congress Ariobarzanes had been driven out by Mithridates VI of Pontus, who wanted to install one of his own sons (Ariarathes) on the Cappadocian throne. Reason #4: studying primary sources helps students become better citizens. The source types commonly used in academic writing include: Academic journals. Life dates 138 BC-78 BC. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. Social War, also called Italic War, or Marsic War, (90-89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome's Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence. The law was vetoed by one of the tribunes, but when Quintus Pompeius Rufus went to Pompey Strabo's army to take command under the Senate's authority, he was promptly assassinated after his arrival and assumption of command, almost certainly on Strabo's orders. Types of Sources and Where to Find Them: Primary Sources [36] Amid a reorganisation of political alliances, the traditionalists in the Senate raised up Sulla a patrician, even if a poor one, as a counterweight against the newcomer Marius. As a result, "husbands were butchered in the arms of their wives, sons in the arms of their mothers. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators. [81.4] It note also contains an account of Thracian . He left one of his allies, Quintus Lucretius Afella to maintain the siege at Praeneste and moved for Rome. Tools for primary source analysis. The dictator is the subject of four Italian operas, two of which take considerable liberties with history: Sulla is a central character in the first three, Lucius Cornelius Sulla is also a character in the first book of the, His first wife was Ilia, according to Plutarch. Five reasons why primary sources should be used for teaching When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . "[148][149] Sulla's example proved that it could be done, therefore inspiring others to attempt it; in this respect, he has been seen as another step in the Republic's fall. A primary source (also called original . Yes, if the painting originated at the time it depicts, then it is a primary source. They had, however, fallen on hard times. He then attacked the Samnites and routed one of their armies near Aesernia before capturing the new Italian capital at Bovianum Undecimanorum. The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. [126] Sulla's specific movements are very vaguely described in Appian, but he was successful in preventing the Italians from relieving Praeneste or joining with Carbo. Sulla was a man to whom, up to victory, sufficient praise can hardly be given, and for whom, after victory, no criticism can be adequate. The two greatest of these were Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla. [110], After peace was reached, Sulla advanced on Fimbria's forces, which deserted their upstart commander. Primary Resources - Primary Resources and Archives - Research Guides at After another attempt to relieve Praeneste failed, Carbo lost his nerve and attempted to retreat to Africa; his lieutenants attempted again to relieve Praeneste but after that again failed, marched on Rome to force Sulla from his well-defended positions. La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori: chi [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. In 89BC, one of the tribunes of the plebs passed the lex Plautia Papiria, which granted citizenship to all of the allies (with exception for the Samnites and Lucanians still under arms). Lucius Cornelius Sulla | UNRV Roman History Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust) was born Amiternum in the country of the Sabines in 86 BC. Even though the prosecutor declined to show up on the day of the trial, leading to Sulla's victory by default, Sulla's ambitions were frustrated. Primary Sources: Definition and Examples | Grammarly was a major figure in the late Roman Republic. [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using Lucius Cornelius Sulla (l. 138 - 78 BCE) enacted his constitutional reforms (81 BCE) as dictator to strengthen the Roman Senate's power. Introduction - Primary Sources - LibGuides at CSU Los Angeles The cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. Sallust - Spartacus Educational His family was patrician, part of the ruling class in ancient Rome. Making of America. [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. Books. senators and equites) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed. be determined. [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. Threatened by the Pontic navy, Sulla sent his quaestor Lucullus to scrounge about for allied naval forces. The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. "[156], He was said to have a duality between being charming, easily approachable, and able to joke and cavort with the most simple of people, while also assuming a stern demeanor when he was leading armies and as dictator. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. Website. Ancient accounts of Sulla's death indicate that he died from liver failure or a ruptured gastric ulcer (symptomized by a sudden hemorrhage from his mouth, followed by a fever from which he never recovered), possibly caused by chronic alcohol abuse. Social War | Roman history | Britannica [130], In total control of the city and its affairs, Sulla instituted a series of proscriptions (a program of executing and confiscating the property of those whom he perceived as enemies of the state). When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money. Sulla had officially been declared an outlaw and in the eyes of the Cinnan regime, Flaccus was to take command of an army without a legal commander. Primary sources are most often produced around the time of the events you are studying. 133/18 Scipio praises C.Marius. National Library Services to Schools has developed a suite of primary source analysis tools specifically for Aotearoa New Zealand schools. Proscribing or outlawing every one of those whom he perceived to have acted against the best interests of the Republic while he was in the east, Sulla ordered some 1,500 nobles (i.e. [95], Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. Sulla, meanwhile, had to allow matters to unfold beyond his control. Revised on November 11, 2022. [11], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[12] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. Copyright statement. What is a Primary Source? - Library Research Guide for the History of Livy, Periochae 81-85 - Livius The Steamboat Adventure. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. The Black Death: The Plague, 1331-1770 - University of Iowa The Samnite and anti-Sullan commanders were then hunted down as "for all intents and purposes the civil war in Italy was over". He might have been disinherited, though it was "more likely" that his father simply had nothing to bequeath. Cicero comments that Pompey once said, "If Sulla could, why can't I? [59] Sulla served as one of the legates in the southern theatre assigned to consul Lucius Julius Caesar. However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. Sources | Legacy of Sulla Wiki | Fandom He's remembered best for bringing his soldiers into Rome, the killing of Roman citizens, and his military skill in several areas. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix[8] (/sl/; 13878 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. Categories . Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. It was not until he was in his very late forties and almost past the age . [91], During close of the Social War, in 89BC, Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus invaded Roman Asia. Hind 1992, p.150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the equites, who had held control since the Gracchi reforms, to the senators. Turning south, he engaged the Pontic army allegedly 90,000[101] on the plain of Orchomenus. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. The proscriptions are widely perceived as a response to similar killings that Marius and Cinna had implemented while they controlled the Republic during Sulla's absence. In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies . Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born in 138 BCE in Puteoli, Italy. Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. He defeated Norbanus at the Battle of Mount Tifata, forcing the consul to withdraw.