The inventor of dynamite and explosives was criticised for finding ways to kill people faster than ever. Three days later, after Germany and Italy declared war on it, the United States became fully engaged in the Second World War. 6 min read december 21, 2021. The Gilded Age . It was discovered following the war as US troops advanced on Germany during which they came upon concentration camps and witnessed the horrifying extent of the Nazi's program of Genocide against Jews and others. The equivalent of Italy's fascist party in Germany; arose in 1920s in reaction to deplorable economic conditions after the war and natl resentments over the Treaty of Versailles; The Nazi Leader who used bullying tactics against Jews as well as Fascist ideology to increase his popularity with disgruntled, unemployed German workers. Its model influenced national policy during the New Deal and World War II. On December 7, 1941, Japanese bombers flew over the US naval base in Pearl Harbour, Hawaii, bombing every ship in sight while many soldiers were still asleep in their bunks. APUSH . An international economic conference called by the League of Nations; proposals were made to stabilize currencies, but Roosevelt feared this would interfere with his plans to revive the US, so he pulled out and the conference ended without reaching an agreement. America First Committee, influential political pressure group in the United States (1940-41) that opposed aid to the Allies in World War II because it feared direct American military involvement in the conflict. Which event immediately preceded Germany's surrender and the end of WWII? In the United States during World War II, about 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry, most of whom lived on the Pacific Coast, were forcibly relocated and incarcerated in concentration camps in the western interior of the country. That Hideki Tojo was a threat to Americas national security and should be stopped. Ultimately in 1939, Franco's Fascists prevailed and established a military dictatorship. Why was Alfred Nobel called the Merchant of Death? [16]. The Tuskegee airmen were the first black servicemen to serve as military aviators in the U.S. armed forces, flying with distinction during World War II. A weapon whose power came from the splitting of the atom; it was successfully tested on July 15, 1945 at Alamogordo, New Mexico. Vi congress legislates . The Nye Committee conducted 93 hearings and questioned more than 200 witnesses. Explain. ", Senator Gerald Nye (R-North Dakota), Head of the Senate Munitions Investigating Committee. As you are reviewing for this era, focus on the key concepts and use the essential questions to guide you. The AFC was founded by Yale University student R. Douglas Stuart Jr. and headed by Robert E. Wood, a retired U.S. Army general who was chairman of Sears, Roebuck and Co. Its highest-profile early member was Henry Ford, the automotive pioneer and notorious anti-Semite, who resigned in controversy. The events preceding World War II in Europe are closely tied to the bellicosity of Italy, Germany and Japan, as well as the Great Depression. Some leaders wanted harsher treatment of the South for leaving the Union. Ronald Reagan made strides in economics by . Roosevelt's delegate to the London Economic Conference before bailing; leader of the Nationalist military rebellion in the Spanish Civil War, Isolationist (ironic aviator who first flew across the Atlantic), 1940 Republican candidate for the presidency of the United States, idea of trade pacts including mutually beneficial changes to tariffs, etc. What are the 3 biblical grounds for divorce? The Nye Committee's findings helped to further the American isolationism movement and passage of the Neutrality Acts of the 1930s intended to prevent the United States from becoming involved in future foreign wars. verset coranique pour attirer les femmes. That WWI had improved Americas stature in the world and the nation should be a leader in future conflicts. The markings of the second Sino-Japanese war with Japan invading and attacking near the Marco Polo Bridge. By cmartins2001. They were spurred by the growth in isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I, and sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts. [11] Burns and Rauschenbush, who met on the committee, married soon after and co-authored a book that recounts salient testimony gathered by the investigation, War Madness (Washington, D.C., National Home Library Association, 1937). Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS/Corbis via Getty Images. The 1934 Nye Committee was made to investigate whether or not arms manufactures caused United States' entry into the First World War. he America First Committee (AFC) was the foremost non-interventionist pressure group against the American entry into World War II. The peace movement led to appeasement and disarmament. The program established by Hitler for the systematic murder of Jewish civilians. The territory that Japan marched into to establish a puppet govt in September 1931; this was the greatest threat to world peace and also in direct defiance of the Open Door Policy. and that Jews were one of the principal groups advocating for U.S. intervention in Europe. ThoughtCo. pact between Russia and Soviet, pledged neutrality by either party if the other were attacked by a third party. A. Expansionism B. Internationalism C. Isolationism D. Supporting the British 20. This battle had two objectives: (1) overcoming the menace of German submarines in the Atlantic and (2) beginning bombing raids on German cities; German subs sank over 500 Allied ships in 1942, but the Allied powers developed ways to fight back via sonar, radar, and bombing of German naval bases. Nye Committee: In 1934 Senator Gerald P. Nye of North Dakota held hearings to investigate the country's involvement on WW1; this committee documented the huge profits that arms factories had made during the war: 340091760: General Francisco Franco: In 1936 the Spanish Civil War began. When Roosevelt took office in 1933 his goal was to end the great depression. But even it was crippled by its 'half-measure' provisions. Based on your research, write an essay analyzing the importance of the French assistance to the American colonists. fireline multi mission; replacing a concealed shower valve He may be rash in his judgments at times, but it's the rashness of enthusiasm. U.S. industrial production increased by 20% under the WIB. However, the CND struggled to deal with the Armys inability to purchase equipment quickly and efficiently, and the Armys competition with the Navy for scarce raw materials and finished products. The leaders of the US, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain who arranged to confer secretly to coordinate their military strategies and to lay the foundation for peace terms. speech by roosevelt -incited by alarming behavior of Italy and Japan; called to "quarantine" aggressors. Instead of twenty, the WIB was made up of seven members, all civilians except for one representative each from the Army and Navy. World War Two affected the world and the United States profoundly; it continues to influence us even today. A policy of the United States Administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt during 1933-45, with the goal of strengthening relations with Latin America and hemispheric solidarity against external threats. A document drawn up by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and FDR; it affirmed what their peace objectives would be when the war ended. It was drafted by Britain and the United States, and later agreed to by all the Allies. Many Americans felt betrayed and questioned that the war had been an epic battle between the forces of good (democracy) and evil (autocracy). Since collective bargaining as a solution to labor disputes would not come until the 1930s, leaving the government powerless to negotiate wages, the WIB routinely avoided strikes by approving wage increases rather than risk a shortage of supplies needed to fight the war in Europe. Background. Created largely by executive orders rather than congressionally approved legislation and law, the WIB lacked the political and legal power to fully centralize industrial mobilization. Mobilizing the economy for world war finally cured the depression. Nye Committee 1934. formed to investigate whether or not munitions manufacturers and bankers were pro-war in WWI soley to make profit; increased anti-war atmosphere and push to pass Neutrality Acts. Nye was instrumental in the development and adoption of the Neutrality Acts that were passed between 1935 and 1937. By March 1918, these and other mobilization problems forced President Wilson to strengthen the WIB, first be appointing influential industrialist and financier Bernard M. Baruch as its chairman. [6] Historian Charles Callan Tansill's America Goes To War (1938) exploited the Nye Committee's voluminous report of testimony and evidence to develop and confirm the heavy influence exercised by Wall Street finance (notably J.P. Morgan) and the armaments industry (notably Du Pont) in the process that led to American intervention. On December 7, 1941, following the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, the United States declared war on Japan. (2021, June 23). APUSH 101. if the underlined clause is an adverb clause or adj. Define the word you choose. That WWI had improved Americas stature in the world and the nation should be a leader in future conflicts. The WIB became one of several federal agencies dedicated to Americas preparations for The war to end all wars.. Add hyphens, brackets, and dashes where needed in the following sentences. Woodrow Wilson Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), also called (after 1969) Student National Coordinating Committee, American political organization that played a central role in the civil rights movement in the 1960s. -lend-lease act of 1941- an arrangement for the transfer of war supplies- food, machinery, services to nations whose defense was considered vital to the defense of the us in wwii august 1941- roosevelt met with britist prime minister winston churchill to proclaim the Atlantic Charter- statement of common principles and war aims 1941- hitler invaded the soviet union may 1940- troops transfered . A speech that proposed lending money to Britain for the purchase of US war materials and justified such a policy because it was a defense of "four freedoms." She\mathit{She}She planned to vacation in Hawaii but\mathit{but}but had to settle for\mathit{for}for Hagerstown. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Content Review Apush 7-8.pptx. D. Some leaders felt that allowing Southern states back into the Union would delay westward expansion. Established in 1940, the alliance treaty formed between Japan, Italy, and Germany. American History USA Nye Committee The Nye Committee, officially known as the Special Committee on Investigation of the Munitions Industry, was a United States Senate committee chaired by U.S. In 1933, US delegation pledged never again to intervene in the internal affairs of a Latin American country; In 1936, Roosevelt attended and personally pledge to submit future disputes to arbitration and also warned that if a European power such as Germany attempted to "commit acts of aggression against us," it would find "a hemisphere wholly prepared to consult together for our mutual safety and our mutual good.". What was the objective of the Neutrality Act of 1937? Alfred Nobel was called the Merchant of Death for his inventions and the most prestigious award is given after his name. "send guns, not sons"; send a limitless supply of arms to victims of aggression, Roosevelt & Churchills secret conferences- 8 pt. A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. The Neutrality Bill, providing for an embargo on arms and loans to nations at war, was the only legislation even partially enacted into law. To this end, the WIB prioritized needs, fixed prices, and oversaw the standardization of the products essential to supporting the war efforts of the United States and its allies. Also, the arms industry was at fault for price-fixing and held excessive influence on American foreign policy leading up to and during World War I.[6]. a top-secret project that employed over 100,000 people and spent $2 billion to develop a weapon whose power came from the splitting of the atom. I love to write and share science related Stuff Here on my Website. Subjects: 34 apush chapter . Check the Fiveable calendar for this week's APUSH live . On July 28, 1917, Wilson set up the WIB within the CND. Was the U.S. neutral before Pearl Harbor? However, with the WIBs price controls applying only to wholesale prices, retail prices soared. With rising retail prices, corporate profits soared, especially in the chemical, meatpacking, oil, and steel industries. Are normoblast found in circulating blood? All Rights Reserved. The mostly German speaking strip of land that was given to Hitler without opposition in a meeting between British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French President Edouard Daladier with Hitler. 1935: Authorized the president to prohibit all arms shipments and to forbid US citizens to travel on the ships of belligerent nations; 1936) Forbade the extension of loans and credits to belligerents; 1937) Forbade the shipment of arms to the opposing sides in the civil war in Spain. With the Department of Defense and Pentagon not to be created until 1947, the WIB was an ad hoc department created to coordinate procurement between the Army and the Navy. Chapter 41 Outline.doc. The US General that led Operation Torch in November of 1942 in an effort to seize North Africa from Germany. The Fourteen Points, the League of Nations, and Wilson's Failed Idealism, The National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association, Grover Cleveland, Mugwumps, and the 1884 Election, The "Cleveland Massacre" -- Standard Oil makes its First Attack, The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and its Effects. The committee investigated the financial and banking interests that underlay the United States' involvement in World War I and the operations and profits of the industrial and commercial firms supplying munitions to the Allies and to the United States. It found that bankers had pressured Wilson to intervene in the war in order to protect their loans abroad. Drawing authority from the Overman Act of 1918 granting the president the power to coordinate government agencies during the war, Wilson also established the WIB as a decision-making body separate from the CND, marking a major step in its development. It found that bankers had pressured Wilson to intervene in the war in order to protect their loans abroad. Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953); USSR dictator Benito Mussolini Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). Public opinion pushed Congress to pass the Neutrality Acts to . Did the Mayflower Go Off Course on Purpose? Some leaders wanted the South to pay for damage done during the Civil War. On April 2, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson went before a joint session of Congress to request a declaration of war against Germany. An Act that replaced the Cash and Carry idea; it allowed Britain to obtain all the US arms it needed on credit. Standing before cheering colleagues in a packed Senate Chamber, Glass slammed his fist onto his desk until blood dripped from his knuckles." The Nye Committee hearings between 1934 and 1936 and several best-selling books of the time, like H. C. Engelbrecht's The Merchants of Death (1934), supported the conviction of many Americans that the US entry into World War I had been orchestrated by bankers and the arms industry for profit reasons. Passed in 1934, provided for the independence of the Philippines by 1946 and the gradual removal of US military presence from the islands. The outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and the rising tide of fascism in Europe increased support for extending and expanding the Neutrality Act of 1937. ), a policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations; aka America in WWII, FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region, designed to lift US export trade from the depression, relief/recovery, reversed the traditional high protective tariff policy, the political party founded in Germany in 1919 and brought to power by Hitler in 1933. investigated arms manufacturers and bankers of World War I. The War Industries Board (WIB) was created by President Woodrow Wilson in July 1917. From 8 p.m. to 0.30 a.m. you can dance to music from the 1920s to the 1950s. Social sciences That WWI was fought for financial reasons and the U.S. should stay out of future foreign wars. Nye Committee 1934. formed to investigate whether or not munitions manufacturers and bankers were pro-war in WWI soley to make profit; increased anti-war atmosphere and push to pass Neutrality Acts. To carry out its many duties, the WIB employed and developed several industrial modernization techniques still in widespread use today. . The Night of the Broken Glass, also known as Kristallnacht, was a night _____. It was a significant factor in public and political support for American neutrality in the early stages of World War II. What are the pros and cons of open source software? A resort town on the Black Sea coast of the Soviet Union where the Big Three conferred in February 1945. Nye Committee 1934 formed to investigate whether or not munitions manufacturers and bankers were pro-war in WWI soley to make profit; increased anti-war atmosphere and push to pass Neutrality Acts Panay American gunboat bombed and sunk by Japanese in 1937; Japan apologized and sent $ to victims' families; unwilling to go to war, US forgave easily It guaranteed workers the right to organize unions and bargain directly with management. How many witnesses did the Nye Committee question? What was the conclusion of the Nye Committee? Nye urges America to not participate in the trading of . A US Senate committee, chaired by Gerald P. Nye of North Dakota, to investigate the dealings of the munitions industry and bankers and their reputed profits from promoting foreign wars. The American financier Bernard M. Baruch (1870-1965). Established by Congress in September 1940, this act provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 35 and for the training of 1.2 million troops in just one year. when the prez proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions go into affect. Between 1935 and 1937 Congress passed three Neutrality Acts that tried to keep the United States out of war, by making it illegal for Americans to sell or transport arms, or other war materials to belligerent nations. Why were Americans worried about Hitlers attacks on Britain, in particular? In your opinion, why did so many people want to live in the cities at the end of the 19th century? The findings revealed high profits and a studied hostility to disarmament but no evidence to support the theory that President Woodrow Wilson had at any time been influenced by the financial stake in his relations with Germany. Signaled the end of U.S. neutrality in the war. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. Sep 1, 1939, Start of WWII Apr 12, 1934, The Nye Committee ruling 1935, The Neutrality Acts Sep 2, 1940, Destroyers For Bases Mar 11, 1941, Lend-Lease Act Dec 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor Sep 8, 1938, Hemispheric Defense Zone 1941, The Atlantic Charter You might like: 50 Most Important Dates In US History 50 Important Dates in US History Senator Gerald Nye formed a committee that questioned hundreds of witnesses and organizations about the possible deals between munition companies and the U.S. Government prior to the declaration of war against . However, so strong and widespread was the spirit of isolationism that the Senate, in an effort to remain aloof from global problems, passed a series of Neutrality Acts (193539). Do further research on how the French supported the colonies during the American Revolution. View FDR from APUSH 101 at Walker High School. On January 1, 1919, President Wilson decommissioned the WIB by executive order. A supreme court case in 1944 that ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries. Nye Committee hearings Discussed the reasons and outcomes of the US's involvement in WWI<> resulted in many of the neutrality acts of the 1930s Neutrality Acts The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war certain restrictions would automatically go into effect. For unaccompanied ladies, there will also be taxi . Franco led the Fascists, fighting republican forces. APUSH CHAPTER 34; Apush Chapter 34. by kylecwalden9, Apr. John Edward Wiltz, "The Nye Committee Revisited. Senator Gerald Nye. Public opinion pushed Congress to pass the Neutrality Acts to keep us out of WWII. One of the richest men in the world during his lifetime, Zaharoff was described as both a merchant of death and a mystery man of Europe. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. What are some good documentaries about WW2? Longley, Robert. Lecture outline --> "Two From: (c) Copyright Oxford University Press, 2023. An admiral who adopted the strategy of "island-hopping" to enable the Allied powers to get within fighting range of the Japanese islands. allowed for sale of materials provided that they pay in cash and do their own transport. 1940 - U.S. agreed to "lend" its older destroyers to Great Britain. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Why do you think the seafarer tells about his life and its hardships? A Dictionary of World History , Subjects: Preliminary report on wartime taxation and price control", "Historical minute essay: Merchants of Death", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nye_Committee&oldid=1120393722, Bidding on Government contracts in the shipbuilding industry. Content Review Apush 1-2.pptx. The Atlantic Charter was a pivotal policy statement first issued in August 1941 that early in World War II defined the Allied goals for the post-war world. usually reductions as in the case of the reciprocal trade agreements act, Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible. Rome-Berlin Axis. Roosevelt's replacement for too-radical VP Henry Wallace; A Missouri senator with a natl reputation for having conducted a much-publicized investigation of war spending. He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. Senator Gerald Nye (R-ND). While industrial production increased under the WIB, it was accused of helping so-called war profiteers amass vast fortunes. Roosevelt's compromise for helping Britain as he could not sell Britain US destroyers without defying the Neutrality Act; Britain received 50 old but still serviceable US destroyers in exchange for giving the US the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean. The Neutrality Acts were laws that were passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s, in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II. Content Review Apush 4-6.pptx. A word that has become synonymous with appeasement. The Charter stated the ideal goals of the war: no territorial aggrandizement; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people; restoration of self-government to those deprived of it; free access to raw materials; reduction of trade restrictions; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all; freedom from fear and want; freedom of the seas; and abandonment of the use of force, as well as disarmament of aggressor nations. The committee was established on April 12, 1934. Giant AHAP Review Sheet by a student from the class of '04, Horace Greeley HS 3. After a slow start, the WIB took significant strides toward meeting its objectives, especially in 1918. That strengthened the position of isolationists and non-interventionists in the . Click to Rate "Hated It" Click to Rate "Didn't Like It" . To mobilize antiwar sentiments, he helped establish the America First Committee. Compare and contrast apartheid and Jim Crow laws. International economic conference on stabilizing currency to solve Great Depression, nation to which the US promised independence in the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934, FDR's repudiation of TR's corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, stating good neighbor policy towards L. American countries, prohibited sale of arms to belligerents in a war; banned loans to belligerents; citizens cannot travel to countries at war or travel on armed ships; passed to prevent American involvement in future overseas wars, conflict between the revel Fascist forces of Gen. Franco and the Loyalist gov't; severely tested US neutrality; Mussolini and Hitler helped in order to use SP as testing ground for bombs, Roosevelt's speech 1937 that proposed strong US measures against overseas aggressors (Japan), European diplomatic conf where GB and FR appease Hitler's demands for Sudentenland in Czechoslovakia, piece of land south Czechoslovakia; betrayed by GB and FR to appease Hitler in 1938 Munich Conference, term for the British-French policy of attempting to prevent war by granting German demands, Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies, group advocating US support for GB in the fight against Hitler, headed by Charles Lindbergh; isolationist group advocating that US focus on continental defense and non-involvement with WWII, law that made the US the "arsenal for democracy" by providing supposedly temorary military material assistance to GB, communist nation invaded by Hitler in June 1941 that was also aided by American lend-lease, US.-GB agreement of Aug 1941 to promote democracy and intentions for improvement post WWII; created by Winston Churchill and FDR in a secret conference, self-determination, disarmament, freedom of seas, peace of security, League of Nations, 5 specific points of the Atlantic Charter, US destroyer sunk by German U-boats off the coast of iceland in Oct 1941, major American naval base devastated in a surpise attack in Dec 1941, FDR's Sec'ry of State who promoted Reciprocal Trade Agreement, low tariffs, and Good Neighbor policy, Fascist leader of Germany; started WWII under the "big lie"- belief that GER was stabbed in the back by Jews in WWI, Fascist dictator of Italy; sought to recreate a Roman empire; allied with Hitler in Roman-Berlin Axis; invaded Ethiopia; "Benevolent Dictator", instigator of 1934 Senate hearings that castigated WWI munitions manufacturers as "merchants of death", Fascist rebel leader against Spanish Loyalist gov't; helped by Hitler and Mussolini to become dictator of Spain, African nation invaded by Mussolini in 1935, Democratic nation betrayed at Munich Conference, invaded Sept 1939 by Hitler; set off WWII, seized by Hitler in 1940; pushed the US closer to direct aid to GB, leader of America First Committee; chief spokesman for US isolationism, dark horse Rep Presidential nominee in 1940; lost against FDR; attacked FDR for the third term attempt, courageous prime minister who led GB's lonely resistance to Hitler; involved with the secret Atlantic Conference, Russian dictator who first helped HItler destroy Poland before becoming victim of Nazi aggression in 1941; transformed RUS into a military power in 15 years, nation near whose waters US destroyers, namely USS Kearny, came under Nazi submarine attack, put Philippines on the road to independence, designed by Cordell Hull to increase American exports; reversed Hawley-Smoot Tariff by decreasing the tariff, nation that acted against the Washington Naval Treaty in 1934 and walked out of London Conference, forbade any country that still owed US money from borrowing any more cash, formed 1936 by a group of Princton U students; anti-war group that mocked the early payment of bonuses to WWI veterans, formed to investigate whether or not munitions manufacturers and bankers were pro-war in WWI soley to make profit; increased anti-war atmosphere and push to pass Neutrality Acts, American gunboat bombed and sunk by Japanese in 1937; Japan apologized and sent $ to victims' families; unwilling to go to war, US forgave easily, strip of land demilitarized according to Versailles Treaty; invaded by Hitler, aka Neutrality Act of 1939; Euro nations (Allies) can buy war materials from US only if they provide transportation and pay in cash, meeting where US warned Germany that it could not take over orphan colonies in the Americas, first peacetime draft; trained 1.2 million troops, two leading Republican presidential candidate aspirants, unarmed US merchant ship torpedoed and destroyed by a German U-boat outside war zone; May 1941, Hitler-Stalin Nonaggression Pact; 10-year peace treaty; Russia can keep 1/3 of Poland when Hitler attacks it, term dubbed to the early phase of WWII; period of silence and inactivity in Europe after Hitler moved his forces from Poland and eventually attacked Norway and Denmark, established and reinforced by FDR to create good relations with L. America; nullied Roosevelt Corollary, independent farmers; Stalin ordered Collective Farming (crops go to Russian gov't), Nazi party failed attempt to seize Munich govt 1923; Hitler emerges as a national hero when jailed, "lightning war"; German military warfare tactic, Norway, Denark, Belgium, Luxembourg, Holland, five "weaker" countries Hitler attacked before France (after phoney war), France's wall of defense that only faced Germany and stopped at the Ardennes, thick forest on the border of France and Germany, used by FDR in one of his fireside chats to persuade Americans to support Lend Lease Policy, July 1940-Dec 1941; air war between GER and GB, initially invented by GB to detect aircraft in the air; eventually used by all belligerent countries in WWII, Russian tactic; used against GER after GER attack June 1941; allowed Ger to conquer land to separate them from supply line and fall in trap of the brutal winter, Japanese admiral who planned Pearl Harbor Attack; Japan stealthily came in from the North, Pearl harbor attack; holiday time, Sunday morning.

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