High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. It is typically consumed in pill form. Contrary to popular belief, individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors. Positive Symptoms in Schizophrenia - Verywell Mind 23. Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. Signs and Symptoms | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC The treatment of insomnia likely would include stress management techniques and changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia (e.g., spending more waking time in bed). Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. Recently, a new EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure) device has shown promise in double-blind trials as one such alternative (Berry, Kryger, & Massie, 2011). Caffeine is another stimulant drug. Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. Users experience increased energy, feelings of pleasure, and emotional warmth. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. 2. 3. In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. Recent adaptations (e.g., Hobson, 2002) continue to update the theory based on accumulating evidence. In Falaters case, a jury found him guilty of first degree murder in June of 1999 (CNN, 1999); however, there are other murder cases where the sleepwalking defense has been used successfully. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. Sleep-wake cycles seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. Beyond being awake or asleep, there are many other states of consciousness people experience. If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. Historically, somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. As a group, hallucinogens are incredibly varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect. THE INTERNAL STATE SCALE (ISS) Version 2 and the ChronoBook SCORING KEY AND SUMMARY Mark S. Bauer, MD . Guilleminault et al. Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective. These components include: These steps are conducive to being open to the heightened suggestibility of hypnosis. Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. Users often consume the drug every few hours across days-long binges called runs, in which the user forgoes food and sleep. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. Because the biological clock is driven by light, exposure to bright light during working shifts and dark exposure when not working can help combat insomnia and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Huang, Tsai, Chen, & Hsu, 2013). Aside from the role that REM sleep may play in processes related to learning and memory, REM sleep may also be involved in emotional processing and regulation. For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). You have read that the pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep (Figure 4.6). Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. It may surprise you to know that sleep deprivation is associated with obesity, increased blood pressure, increased levels of stress hormones, and reduced immune functioning (Banks & Dinges, 2007). The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. Abnormal Motor Behavior. It seems like everyone knows a friend, family member, or neighbor who has died of an overdose. Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders While we have discussed the negative outcomes associated with sleep deprivation, it should be pointed out that there are many benefits that are associated with adequate amounts of sleep. It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. Sleep is not a uniform state of being. Many individuals diagnosed with sleep apnea first seek treatment because their sleeping partners indicate that they snore loudly and/or stop breathing for extended periods of time while sleeping (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013). Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. 1. This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. Test 1: Quizes 1-4 Flashcards | Chegg.com To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? One way that this happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. Individuals with insomnia often experience long delays between the times that they go to bed and actually fall asleep. Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs described in this section. Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. (2005) found that sleepwalking was not alleviated with the use of benzodiazepines. Obstructive sleep apneaoccurs when an individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs. These brain areas include the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. The axons of light-sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world (Klein, Moore, & Reppert, 1991; Welsh, Takahashi, & Kay, 2010) (Figure 4.3). In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. PSY-352 Topic 2 Quiz 1 Online - GetMyAnswers.com Stimulantsare drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). Drugwithdrawalincludes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. Sleep regulationrefers to the brains control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world. Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). What Is Inflammation? Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. High doses can induce sleep, cause motor disturbance, memory loss, decreased respiratory function, and death. The early portion of stage 1 sleep producesalpha waves, which are relatively low frequency (813Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized (Figure 4.8). Another evolutionary hypothesis of sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. Heroin users often shoot the drug directly into their veins. We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. week 3 midterm 1.docx - Question 1 1 / 1 pts John has been Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). If we have biological rhythms, then is there some sort ofbiological clock? I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. Opioid addiction reached crisis levels in the United States such that by 2019, an average of 130 people diedeach dayof an opioid overdose (NIDA, 2019). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Symptoms) | Center for the Treatment As mentioned earlier, REM sleep is marked by rapid movements of the eyes. For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. It is administered alone or in conjunction with doses of melatonin (the hormone secreted by the pineal gland). (credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman), Psychedelic images like this are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. Incentral sleep apnea, disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing (White, 2005). We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022). c. are influenced by peer pressure, often leading to unhealthful or unsafe behaviors. Lucid dreamsare dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. Insudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999).

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