The higher the amount of water vapor, the higher the absolute humidity. Humid air is less dense than dry air because a molecule of water (M 18 u) is less massive than either a molecule of nitrogen (M 28) or a molecule of oxygen (M 32). These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout the year and more distinct seasonal changes compared to tropical climates, where such variations are often small Although humidity is an important factor for thermal comfort, humans are more sensitive to variations in temperature than they are to changes in relative humidity. Climate - Florida (United States) - Climates to Travel {\displaystyle (m_{H_{2}O})} metropolitan France: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as the mistral; French Guiana: tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation; Guadeloupe and Martinique: subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average; Mayotte: tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November); Reunion: tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry (May to November), hot and rainy (November to April). answer choices Ocean surfaces change temperature more slowly than land surfaces. Even with saturation (100% relative humidity) outdoors, heating of infiltrated outside air that comes indoors raises its moisture capacity, which lowers relative humidity and increases evaporation rates from moist surfaces indoors (including human bodies and household plants.). Northern Mexico is a desert region that features hot and dry weather, although cooler months can experience temperatures that drop to freezing overnight. T Jackson WebHumidity is a term that indicates the amount of water molecules in the air. A good example is the Atacama of Chile. A device used to measure humidity of air is called a psychrometer or hygrometer. Web8. The notion of air "holding" water vapor or being "saturated" by it is often mentioned in connection with the concept of relative humidity. A similar condensation effect can often be observed when a person wearing glasses comes in from the cold (i.e. Low humidity causes tissue lining nasal passages to dry, crack and become more susceptible to penetration of rhinovirus cold viruses. (The addition of water molecules, or any other molecules, to a gas, without removal of an equal number of other molecules, will necessarily require a change in temperature, pressure, or total volume; that is, a change in at least one of these three parameters. f The amount of water vapor contained within a parcel of air can vary significantly. About 60% of the atmospheres heat is held in water droplets suspended in the atmosphere. Similarly, during summer in humid climates a great deal of liquid water condenses from air cooled in air conditioners. [37], Some people experience difficulty breathing in humid environments. What causes humidity? - Scientific American The higher the air temperature and/or the higher the relative humidity, the higher is the heat index and the hotter it feels to our bodies outside. Much of Costa Rica fits this description perfectly. WebThe rainiest month is August, with 100 mm (4 in) on average. {\displaystyle e_{w}^{*}} If an air mass forms over land in the far north it is called continental polar. (a) Tundra. Hot and sticky can happen anywhere the temperatures are high and so is the humidity. When there is enough moisture in the air the air can't except A device used to measure humidity is called a hygrometer; one used to regulate it is called a humidistat, or sometimes hygrostat. Arctic (A): Arctic air is extremely cold (so cold, it is sometimes mistaken for the Polar Vortex). Environmental humidity is affected by winds and by rainfall. WebThe areas most at risk are the coastal ones because of storm surges coming from the sea. The gravimetric method, while the most accurate, is very cumbersome. In other words, relative humidity is the ratio of how much water vapour is in the air and how much water vapour the air could potentially contain at a given temperature. Also, if the atmosphere is as warm or warmer than the skin during times of high humidity, blood brought to the body surface cannot dissipate heat by conduction to the air. This is because the vapor pressure of water increases with temperaturethe operative principle behind everything from hair dryers to dehumidifiers. Under moderate humidity (Figure 5d), the value of AOD in the south of China is generally low. The amount of water vapor needed to achieve saturation increases as the temperature increases. Subsequent warming of this air lowers its relative humidity. Brainstorm and discuss the pros of coastal living. The ( When the humidity is slight (Figure 5a), under the influence of northeasterly airflow, the AOD in the Guangxi area is high, but the effect of the GBA is relatively small, for which the AOD is 0.61. Easy answer, partner. Q. How humid is Texas? A. Go to your bathroom, start the shower, and close the door. Turn on the hot water only and let it This is shown in State B. Weather Test 3 | Science Quiz - Quizizz (d) Tropical Evergreen. Buck has reported that the maximal relative error is less than 0.20% between 20, and +50C (4, and 122F) when this particular form of the generalized formula is used to estimate the equilibrium vapor pressure of water. in air to the saturation vapor pressure National Weather Service Some places experience extreme humidity during their rainy seasons combined with warmth giving the feel of a lukewarm sauna, such as Kolkata, Chennai and Kochi in India, and Lahore in Pakistan. Under moderate humidity (Figure 5d), the value of AOD in the south of China is generally low. of water at the same temperature, usually expressed as a percentage:[11][12][5]. An increase in temperature, and, to a much lesser degree, humidity, will cause an increase in density altitude. In hot summer weather, a rise in relative humidity increases the apparent temperature to humans (and other animals) by hindering the evaporation of perspiration from the skin. WebIn a large area of northern Brazil, covered by the Amazon rainforest, the climate is equatorial, hot and humid throughout the year, with constant rainfall. This is shown in State C. Above 202.64 kPa, the RH would exceed 100% and water may begin to condense. Questions? Event Ready A major source of water vapor in Kentucky is the Gulf of Mexico. Apart from spurious erratic function, electrostatic discharges can cause dielectric breakdown in solid-state devices, resulting in irreversible damage. Is (Usually HEAT.gov Marcel Dekker, New York, NY. Wind: 10 mph. Weather Radio It's near giant bodies of water, heat takes up water vapor at that point, and voila, you have humidity in abundance The humidity of an air and water vapor mixture is determined through the use of psychrometric charts if both the dry bulb temperature (T) and the wet bulb temperature (Tw) of the mixture are known. Mexico climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation Humidity is also measured on a global scale using remotely placed satellites. Weather Safety Rules National Weather Service humidity Evansville Moisture Mass of water per unit volume as in the equation above is also defined as volumetric humidity. High humidity/dewpoints in the summer and cold wind in the winter are important because they affect how our bodies "feel" when we are outside. Humidity plays an important role for surface life. Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun; Johnston Atoll and Kingman Reef: tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation; Midway Islands: subtropical with cool, moist winters (December to February) and warm, dry summers (May to October); moderated by prevailing easterly winds; most of the 107 cm of annual rainfall occurs during the winter; Palmyra Atoll: equatorial, hot; located within the low pressure area of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) where the northeast and southeast trade winds meet, it is extremely wet with between 400-500 cm of rainfall each year, warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown, mostly mid-latitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east, tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds from May to October; moderate rainfall from November to April; may be affected by cyclones from December to April, tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (May to September) and warm, dry season (October to March), subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds, relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season September to November, tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October); rains 250-300 cm per year (80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees Celsius, temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters, a wide equatorial band of hot and humid tropical climates, bordered north and south by subtropical temperate zones that separate two large areas of cold and dry polar climatesten driest places on earth (average annual precipitation): McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica 0 mm (0 in)Arica, Chile 0.76 mm (0.03 in)Al Kufrah, Libya 0.86 mm (0.03 in)Aswan, Egypt 0.86 mm (0.03 in)Luxor, Egypt 0.86 mm (0.03 in)Ica, Peru 2.29 mm (0.09 in)Wadi Halfa, Sudan 2.45 mm (0.1 in)Iquique, Chile 5.08 mm (0.2 in)Pelican Point, Namibia 8.13 mm (0.32 in)El Arab (Aoulef), Algeria 12.19 mm (0.48 in)ten wettest places on earth (average annual precipitation): Mawsynram, India 11,871 mm (467.4 in)Cherrapunji, India 11,777 mm (463.7 in)Tutunendo, Colombia 11,770 mm (463.4 in)Cropp River, New Zealand 11,516 mm (453.4 in)San Antonia de Ureca, Equatorial Guinea 10,450 mm (411.4 in)Debundsha, Cameroon 10,299 mm (405.5 in)Big Bog, US (Hawaii) 10,272 mm (404.4 in)Mt Waialeale, US (Hawaii) 9,763 mm (384.4 in)Kukui, US (Hawaii) 9,293 mm (365.9 in)Emeishan, China 8,169 mm (321.6 in)ten coldest places on earth (lowest average monthly temperature): Verkhoyansk, Russia (Siberia) -47C (-53F) JanuaryOymyakon, Russia (Siberia) -46C (-52F) JanuaryEureka, Canada -38.4C (-37.1F) FebruaryIsachsen, Canada -36C (-32.8F) FebruaryAlert, Canada -34C (-28F) FebruaryKap Morris Jesup, Greenland -34C (-29F) MarchCornwallis Island, Canada -33.5C (-28.3F) FebruaryCambridge Bay, Canada -33.5C (28.3F) FebruaryIlirnej, Russia -33C (-28F) JanuaryResolute, Canada -33C (-27.4F) Februaryten hottest places on earth (highest average monthly temperature): Death Valley, US (California) 39C (101F) JulyIranshahr, Iran 38.3C (100.9F) June Ouallene, Algeria 38C (100.4F) JulyKuwait City, Kuwait 37.7C (100F) JulyMedina, Saudi Arabia 36C (97F) JulyBuckeye, US (Arizona) 34C (93F) JulyJazan, Saudi Arabia 33C (91F) JuneAl Kufrah, Libya 31C (87F) JulyAlice Springs, Australia 29C (84F) JanuaryTamanrasset, Algeria 29C (84F) June, mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east, tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April), tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March), Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha, United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI). One study in dogs found that mucus transport was lower at an absolute humidity of 9gwater/m3 than at 30gwater/m3. This cooling means the density increases again forming a small area of high pressure (4). central United States and the coastal areas of Korea and Europe. Tropical (T): Tropical air is warm to hot. or Precipitable water values around or above 1 inch are common in the spring and summer east of the Rocky Mountains (including Kentucky). Webcoastal areas, where the outside relative humidity may be quite high year round, outside ventilation air may produce little drying effect. At 100% relative humidity, air is saturated and at its dew point: the water vapor pressure would permit neither evaporation of nearby liquid water nor condensation to grow the nearby water; neither sublimation of nearby ice nor deposition to grow the nearby ice. When relative humidity approaches 100%, condensation can occur on surfaces, leading to problems with mold, corrosion, decay, and other moisture-related deterioration. For animal life dependent on perspiration (sweating) to regulate internal body temperature, high humidity impairs heat exchange efficiency by reducing the rate of moisture evaporation from skin surfaces. (broken link)", "Vapor-Liquid/Solid System, 201 Class Page", "Weather History for Sukkur, Pakistan Weather Underground", "Radiative Balance, Earth's Temperature, and Greenhouse Gases (lecture notes)", "Lecture 28: Future Global Warming Modeling Climate Change", "Comparing the Greenhouse Effect on Earth, Mars, Venus, and Titan: Present Day and through Time", "Heat and humidity - the lung association", "School Indoor Air Quality: Best Management Practices Manual", "High Humidity Leads to Loss of Infectious Influenza Virus from Simulated Coughs", "Criteria for enhancing mucus transport: a systematic scoping review", "To what degree is a person's body weight affected by the ambient temperature and humidity? Humans are sensitive to humid air because the human body uses evaporative cooling as the primary mechanism to regulate temperature. Water Vapor Measurement, Methods and Instrumentation. [4] Relative humidity, often expressed as a percentage, indicates a present state of absolute humidity relative to a maximum humidity given the same temperature. However, in real systems the interaction effects between gas molecules result in a small increase of the equilibrium vapor pressure of water in air relative to equilibrium vapor pressure of pure water vapor. Additionally, buildings with foundations not properly sealed will allow water to flow through the walls due to capillary action of pores found in masonry products. The average summer temperature ranges from 13-24 C; winter temperatures are 5 C or below. Climate Prediction It forms poleward of 60 degrees N/S. Nationwide Weather Stories Which statement best explains the difference between the cities' climates? So when water molecules (vapor) are introduced into that volume of dry air, the number of air molecules in the volume must decrease by the same number, if the temperature and pressure remain constant. Humidity depends on the temperature and pressure of the system of interest. This area includes the coastal plains and the western slope of the Coastal Range from the Columbia River to the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Common construction methods often produce building enclosures with a poor thermal boundary, requiring an insulation and air barrier system designed to retain indoor environmental conditions while resisting external environmental conditions. Each atmospheric gas has its own vapor pressure, a measure of the t WebThe amount of watervapour present in the atmosphere determines the humidity of a place The humidity in coastal areas is usually greaterthan that of the inland areas [50], Increased humidity can also lead to changes in total body water that usually leads to moderate weight gain, especially if one is acclimated to working or exercising in hot and humid weather.[51]. [5][6] There is a very small difference described under "Enhancement factor" below, which can be neglected in many calculations unless great accuracy is required. WebIn geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5 to 66.5 N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. A related parameter is the dew point. From what I hear, as the Gulf (the body of water than impacts my area of the country, as it heats in the late spring and summer, a high pressure an 1-Stop Drought be more dry. Submit a Storm Report ( WebHigh-pressure areas usually are areas of fair, settled weather. Water vapor also is called moisture. The recommended environmental qualifications for most commercial aircraft components is listed in RTCA DO-160. Some of this moist air is usually drawn into the pressurized aircraft cabin and into other non-pressurized areas of the aircraft and condenses on the cold aircraft skin. This makes it unsuitable for chemical engineering calculations, e.g. 2 (b)).Salt fogs are absorbed by an "Criteria for Moisture-Control Design Analysis in Buildings", ASHRAE Standard 55-2017: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, "Fundamental Physical Laws and Definitions", "Relative Humidity & Saturation Vapor Pressure: A Brief Tutorial", Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, "The Heat Index "Equation" (or, More Than You Ever Wanted to Know About Heat Index)", "The Assessment of Sultriness. If the air is totally saturated at a particular level (e.g., the surface), then the dewpoint temperature is the same as the actual air temperature, and the relative humidity is 100 percent. Normally our weather, notably rain, comes from the oceans. The sun heats ocean waters causing warm water to rise. As this warm water rises it pushe By comparison, thermal comfort standard ASHRAE 55 requires systems designed to control humidity to maintain a dew point of 16.8C (62.2F) though no lower humidity limit is established.[46]. w Another 21% of the molecules in dry air are oxygen (O2). Water vapor, the gaseous state of water, is generally invisible to the human eye. Webhumidity: ocean heat content: sea surface temperature: snow: temperature of the lower atmosphere: TEN SIGNS OF A WARMING WORLD: Humidity Measurements over land Past Derby/Oaks/Thunder Weather Heating cold outdoor air can decrease relative humidity levels indoors to below 30%. The amount of sunshine in Florida is very good all year round, and it is no surprise that the state nickname is "Sunshine State" (although, in reality, the deserts of California, Arizona and Nevada get more sunshine). To which one of the following types of vegetation does rubber belong to? To me, there is a huge difference between a hot and humid day, and a hot and dry day. I strongly prefer hot and dry. So much so that during my care Therefore, a change in relative humidity can be explained by a change in system temperature, a change in the volume of the system, or change in both of these system properties. This effect can be calculated using a heat index table, also known as a humidex. Current Hazards Humidity is the concentration of water vapor present in the air. the glasses become foggy). ) The desert biome - University of California Museum of Paleontology The term relative humidity is reserved for systems of water vapor in air. WebAnother change that takes place with the passage of the sea breeze front is an increase in humidity. Pressure: 30.09 "Hg. The reason that humidity is very high in coastal areas is because of the ocean. Absolute and specific humidity are quite similar in concept. There are various devices used to measure and regulate humidity. Louisville, KY6201 Theiler LaneLouisville, KY 40229-1476502-969-8842Comments? (b) Tidal. Remote Sensing | Free Full-Text | Aerosol Physical–Optical is the absolute pressure expressed in millibars, and Conversely, decreasing temperature would also make some water condense, again making the final volume deviate from predicted by the ideal gas law. The weather within an air masswhether cool or warm, humid or dry, clear or cloudydepends on the temperature and humidity structure of the air mass. of an air-water mixture is defined as the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor Station History In addition, temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, sunlight hours, and wind speed were important meteorological indexes affecting vibriosis that lag by 3, 8, 8, 2, and 11 weeks, respectively. If the relative humidity is 100 percent (i.e., dewpoint temperature and actual air temperature are the same), this does NOT necessarily mean that precipitation will occur. The detection rate of V. parahaemolyticus was significantly higher in the eastern coastal areas and northwest compared with the southwest. When the temperature is low and the relative humidity is high, evaporation of water is slow. While humidity itself is a climate variable, it also affects other climate variables. Hazardous Weather Outlook Hourly Observations Visibility: 8 mi. If significant, these added factors help explain why rainfall totals from thunderstorms can exceed actual PW values of the air in which the storms are occurring. Outreach answer choices . Sooji Nam. Therefore, the enhancement factor is normally slightly greater than unity for real systems. Please select one of the following: Experimental Graphical Hazardous Weather Outlook, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The water molecules gain energy The humidity in coastal areas is usually than that of the Abu Dhabi: Humidity levels have risen at night in the coastal areas of the UAE since Friday and are expected to remain on the higher side over the next few days. "Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy". WebIt occurs when cool, moist air from the north encounters warm, moist air, and it is intensified by orographic lifting and/or by coastal convergence. Spotter Training High temperatures combine with the high dew point to create heat index in excess of 65C (149F). Fort Campbell [45] According to ASHRAE Standard 55-2017: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, indoor thermal comfort can be achieved through the PMV method with relative humidities ranging from 0% to 100%, depending on the levels of the other factors contributing to thermal comfort. Mexico climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation Some electronic devices can detect such a change and indicate, when plugged in and usually with a small droplet symbol, that they cannot be used until the risk from condensation has passed. A primary way water vapor increases in the atmosphere is through evaporation. arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers, temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters, mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter, arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer, tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October); little seasonal temperature variation, temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers, semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April), tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds, the coldest, windiest, and driest continent on Earth; severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing; summers characterized by continuous daylight, while winters bring continuous darkness; persistent high pressure over the interior brings dry, subsiding air that results in very little cloud cover, tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation, polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature range; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow, mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest, highland continental, hot summers, cold winters, tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation, tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cabo Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from May to December but are most frequent from August to November, generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north, temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate summers with occasional showers, tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream, arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers, tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October), cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime, temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy, tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November); dry season (February to May), tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north, subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter, varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas, varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid, hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast, tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds, subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds, temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers, three climate zones including a hot tropical savanna with a short rainy season in the southern half, a tropical hot semi-arid steppe climate typical of the Sahel region in the northern half, and small area of hot desert in the very north of the country bordering the Sahara Desert, tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April), equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees Celsius but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; two wet seasons (February to May and September to November), and two dry seasons (June to August and December to January), temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and erratic, tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation, varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north, varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north, tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April), tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers, temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south, extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north, tropical with a wet season (December to April) and dry season; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds, tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees Celsius, wet season (May to October), tropical with high humidity, moderated by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year, tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands, tropical marine; rainy season (November to May), tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season (April to October), dry season (December to February); south of Equator - wet season (November to March), dry season (April to October), tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); persistent high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator, tropical oceanic; moderated by trade winds; a dry season from April to November and a more humid season from December to March, tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands, tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October), Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast, tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October), tropical marine climate, ameliorated by northeast trade winds, results in mild temperatures; semiarid with average rainfall of 60 cm/year, temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters, temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers, tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall, tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall, tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands, desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters, tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands, hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands, maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers, tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation, cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north to temperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south, cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 60 cm in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but typically does not accumulate, mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy, tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation, cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes.

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