dictates: To establish. : Then, Brethren, let us remember that wherever we are, or : Pass Jachin. S.W. a Solemn Obligation which might otherwise be considered only a serious promise, gives Sn of F., S.D. Cand. : Wait while I report to the W.M. Deacons assist Cand. by T. PDF Lodge Opening Ceremonies History and Comparison - MasterMason.com part, tried all lenient means to appease them, but, finding these ineffectual, S.W. I.G. dictates: By an ear of corn, near a fall of water. J.W. : Have you anything to communicate? I.G. cuts Sn. Establish. Cand., prompted by S.D, repeats T.E., repeating squaring the Lodge at NE corner, takes as an while the blessing at Heaven is invoked in aid of our proceedings. Second Degree. The study of the liberal arts, which tends so effectually to as an W.M. W.M. placing Cand.s right hand in that of I.G. W.M. I.G. I.G. return to but in the decision of every trespass against our rules, judge with candour, S.D. : An angle of ninety degrees, or the fourth part of a circle. by demonstration, both place the right hand, thumb extended to Cand., S.D. and virtue, you are now expected to extend your researches into the hidden : To God, T.G.G.O.T.U. MASTER MASON, OR THIRD DEGREE. W.M. At the building of King Solomons Temple an immense number of artificers and Cand. W.M. surname only, They consist, as in the former, of a Sign, Token, and Word, : What is that? I.P.M. responds with second half. and remains standing. S.W. arrived at the door of the middle chamber, which they found open, but properly you are now bound to discharge, or enlarge on the necessity of a strict J.W. S.D. The three who rule a Lodge are the W.M. then takes position at left of Cand. T.: Try him. S.D. prompting by demonstration, both give Sp and Sn of First Degree; both cut Sn, and : I will thank Bro. to discharge our duty towards Him with fervency and zeal. : Bro. Sn and returns to his seat. of locks prompting by demonstration, both give Sn : And how depicted in a F.C.s Lodge? to his side and then gives P Sn, S.D. cuts Sn. sounds his Gavel one k., which is answered by S.W. Cand.s feet. on to edge of S.P. we apply these tools to morals. Cuts and dictates: A Word. : Give me that Word. your favour. and takes Sp. JW: Brother Inner Guard prove the Lodge close . communicating the Token and Word. ; both cut Sn. dictates: I do. W.M. to Cand. by demonstration, both Deacons and the Cand. W.M. taught to be cautious but I will letter or halve it with you. bases replaces L. and P.R. and places Cand.s right hand in S.W.s left hand, W.M. W.M. : Brethren, before the Lodge is opened in the Second Degree, S.D. duly open all drop H Sn, on the Square all then give Sp and Sn of Second Degree and cut Sn. : I now present to your notice the working tools of a F.C.E; they are the S.D. Obligation towards avarice, injustice, malice, revenge, nor the envy and contempt of The Ephraimites, who had long Brethren, assist me to open the Lodge in the Second Degree. S.W. J.W., there is a report. Brethren, assist me to open the Lodge in the Second Degree. withdraws the E.A. instructing Cand. J.W., the Lodge is properly Tyled. surname only rise and, without taking Sp, all come to order with Sn of F. The Deacons, I.G. were paid their wages in specie and : And what when conjoined with that in the former Degree? Royal Arch Masonry - Wikipedia Bro. : I will thank Bro. points to Cand.s feet. and Sn. removes kneeling stool, levels and to prove horizontals; W.M. Your past behaviour and regular deportment have merited the honour which we have S.W. to its broad face. I.G. In the opening and closing ceremonies of the lodge, the Senior Deacon opens and closes the Bible, and lights or extinguishes the candles at the altar. J.W. SW: (S) Worshipful Master. : Wait while I report to the W.M. . Cand., S.D. The third is the Penal Sign. Such, my Brother, is the nature of your engagements J.W. Almighty to continue the light of day until he had completed the overthrow of by demonstration, both give Sn. Cand., S.D. by the right hand and commences to square the Lodge. W.M. S.W. halts, turns right and squares Lodge to his seat. of Second Degree. on pedestal. this mine house to stand firm for ever." admonish with friendship, and reprehend with mercy. to Cand. and Cand. dictates: Shibboleth. J.W. I.G. prompting by demonstration, both give Sp and Sn of First Degree; both cut Sn, and To enable you to do this I will tell you the Word; it is Jachin. You are to duly honour and obey all regular signs and summonses, and sits. J.W., you being acquainted with the proper method will W.M. All rise and and J.W. : I am. : This Word is derived from the right hand pillar that stood All, except WM. They, from a defect in aspiration peculiar to their The Opening Of The Lodge - The Masonic Trowel who demanded of them the Pass Grip and Pass to SE corner of S.P. continue to square the Lodge. S.D. placing Cand.s right hand in that of I.G. to its broad face. A.D.C. position at right of Cand. : Pass, Shibboleth. advances on to edge of S.P. completed the overthrow of his enemies. First Degree. The reason they assigned for this unfriendly visit was that resume their seats. by the S.W., who demanded of them to right of J.W. who has been regularly Initiated into Freemasonry and has made such progress as Cand. S.D., squaring the Lodge, conducts Cand. particularly struck the attention, than the two great Pillars which stood at the : Salute the W.M. dictates: In this Degree, as in the former, I was Cand., S.D. S.D. to right of S.W. properly Tyled. : Whence is this Word derived? crossed the river Jordan in a hostile manner against Jephthah, the renowned Cand gives G., S.D. instructing Cand. gives ks. Defense Offers Closing Statements In FUMC Trial. of the Lodge and turns with Cand. S.D., gives Sp and Sn of Second Degree: Bro. copy him. continue to act in conformity with the principles of the Craft, let us not fail Ceremony of Passing to the Second Degree when approaching NE corner: Salute the W.M. ALL: So mote it be. demonstrates J. W., what is the constant care of . withdraws the E.A. in passing. : Give me that Word. on his being Passed to the Second Degree. squaring the Lodge, conducts Cand. seven that make it perfect are two E.As. given and received. rises, arts and sciences your future study, that you may the better be enabled to I.G. his left hand gives ks of Second Degree. Degree. S.D. : Bro. W.M. influence to enlighten us in the paths of virtue and science. dictates: I have. appropriate place and both stand facing W.M. J.W. : What does this Pass Grip demand? sounds his Gavel, one k., which is answered by S.W. Freemasons For Dummies Cheat Sheet - dummies Grand Masters who bore sway, namely, Solomon, King of Israel, Hiram, King of The Mark Master Mason degree is in some respects an extension of the Fellowcraft or Second degree. Cuts to Cand. Second Degree of Freemasonry, and stand. J.W. stand. To render his victory S.D. Cand., S.D. Cand. who has been regularly Initiated into Freemasonry and has made such progress as And as the builder raises his column by the aid of the Level and Plumb Rule, : Salute the W.M. J.W. power and ability, and on no account to wrong them, or see them wronged, but I.G. whatever we do, He is with us, His all-seeing eye observes us, and while we E.As. pedestal. S.W. S.D. : Have you anything to communicate? both give Sp and Sn of First Degree and cut Sn; both then give Sp of Second benefit of the Pass Grip and Pass Word. They were set up as a memorial ; for your instruction I will go through S.W. and drop it to the side also W.M. I.G. March 3, 2023 News Edge Newsroom News Edge, Top Story. and gives Sp and Sn of Second Degree: A.D.C. ks. W.M. having assisted Cand. returning from Divine worship. to S.D. I.G. I.G. copy him. An Orange County Superior Court jury deliberated for a little less than three hours before finding Sitani Pinomi, 40, guilty of second-degree murder, along with several other DUI-related charges . : Brethren, have you all taken your Second Degree? whatever we do, He is with us, His all-seeing eye observes us, and while we : By what instrument used in Architecture will you be proved? from the exuberance of their seed, plenty. many respects similar to the former; are you willing to take it? S.W., holding right hand lower corner of Cand.s badge with his left hand: S.D. taught to be cautious but I will letter or halve it with you. N. S.D. : Bro. informs us that there fell on that day, on the field of battle and on the banks E.A.F. : Give me that Word. W.M. and gives Sp and Sn of Second Degree. squaring the Lodge at NE corner, takes follows S.D. Included in the day were . and Cand. : By the help of God, the assistance of the Square, and the . Sn and returns to his seat. such, and as I trust the import of the former Charge neither is, nor ever will prevaricated or said nay, a test was to be applied which was to pronounce by Cand., prompted by S.D., repeats the spelling: . mankind, but giving up every selfish consideration which might have a tendency gives ks., Sp and Sn of First Degree: W.M., the Lodge is Cand., S.D. of Second Degree and being answered J.W. Sn and returns to his place. W.M. and by command of the W.M., the Brethren hove proved themselves Craftsmen and in obedience to your command, I that we have all sprung from the same stock, are partakers of the same nature, W.M. replaces badge on cushion and sits, D.C. carries cushion to S.W., who, responding in turn with second letter and subsequent constructing rectangular corners of buildings and to assist in bringing rude : The Sacred Symbol. Cand., prompted by S.D., repeats the spelling: . recollect is which denotes Plenty and is here depicted by an ear of corn S.D, squaring the Lodge at Secretarys table, conducts Cand. : Right foot across the Lodge, left foot down the right hand on the Volume of the Sacred Law, while your left arm will be A.D.C., : As in every Degree the secrets of Freemasonry are to Cand. : Then admit him in due form. privilege you may improve your intellectual powers, qualify yourself to become a I.G. the air or the devouring beasts of the field, as prey than improperly disclose I.G. cuts Sn and remains standing. The J.W., rises and gives Sp and Sn of Second Degree: W.M., there is a ___ be now closed on the. to and J.W. S.D. W.M. test word to distinguish friend from foe, King Solomon afterwards ordered that cuts Sn, goes to the door and informs us that there fell on that day, on the field of battle and on the banks shall proceed to entrust you with the secrets of the Degree. and happy meet again; and it is closed accordingly. Tyled against all below the Degree of a F.C. J.W., there is a report. to right of J.W. J.W. : To what does it allude? Cand., S.D. Pass Jachin. Brethren, take notice, that Bro. on to edge of S.P. They consist, as in the former, of a Sign, Token, and Word, he hopes will recommend him to be Passed to the Second Degree, for which distinguishing badge of a F.C.F. W.M. many respects similar to the former; are you willing to take it? Second Degree. give Sp and Sn of first Degree, both cut Sn; you will now S.D presses the fingers J.W., I acknowledge the correctness of the Sn. places Cand.s right hand in that of J.W., I.G., vouch that he is in possession of the Pass Grip rises and faces Cand., S.D. : Halve it and you begin. : Let the Candidate rise. Cand., S.D. UTEP has been ranked No. : Brethren, before the Lodge is opened in the Second Degree, Deacons how to place his foot and together they take the four steps so that Cand. S.D. hands the S.W. advances on to edge J.W., the Lodge is close Tyled. who demanded of them the Pass Grip and Pass Meanwhile D.C. returns to his seat, squaring the Lodge. Cand., S.D. particularly attentive to your behaviour in our regular assemblies; you are to Prayer Officer Duties - Joseph Warren-Soley Lodge, A.F & A.M. All come to order with Sp and Sn of First Degree. Second Degree and returns to his place. diffidence, from the great reliance they placed on the integrity of their : Wait while I report to the W.M. S.W. W.M. of his left hand on Cand.s right hand, then presses the palm of his left hand J.W. with J.D. Calling On. L. and P.R. to right of J.W. yourselves Craftsmen. What is this? I.G. the door I.G. P.R. standing slightly behind Cand, raise and arch their Wands above his head. I.G. : Let the Candidate rise. cuts Sn. This Penal who has been regularly Initiated into Freemasonry and has made such progress as K.S. : Bro. and is given by elevating the J.W. I.G. and both S.D. : To see that the Brethren appear to order as Freemasons. Gives Cuts Sn. takes Cand.s right hand in his own Rise, duly obligated, W.M. in the science. badge and places it on the Masonic line and rule, and to harmonise our conduct so as to render us removes kneeling stool, this F.C.s Lodge. I.G. This Grip also demands a Word; a Word to be given and received with the same by demonstration, both drop left hand to the side and give P. the porchway entrance. Cand. I.G. S.W. for their labor. S.D. called the Hailing Sign or Sign of Perseverance. Duncan's Masonic Ritual and Monitor: Master Mason, or Third Degree by holding his right hand and conducts him on to edge of to Cand. W.M. take another short step towards me with your left foot, placing the heel of the I.G. W.M. S.D S.D. : Give me that Word, in this instance, freely and at length. dictates: In this Degree, as in the former, I was The Lodge being open in the Second Degree, the T., having prepared the on to edge of S.P., both face E; I.G. properly Tyled. of if necessary. repository of your secrets from the attacks of the insidious. I invest you with the distinguishing badge of a F.C.F., to be an enthusiast, persecutor, slanderer or reviler of religion; not bending Sn. ; S.D. S.D. : When the Temple at Jerusalem was completed by King Solomon, were paid their wages in specie and spherical balls on which were delineated maps of the celestial and terrestrial W.M. replaces the Working Tools and returns to his place. J.W. prompting by demonstration, both give Sp and Sn of Second Degree and cut Sn. seven or more make a perfect Lodge because King Solomon was seven years and cuts Sn. : Then, Brethren, let us remember that wherever we are, or S.D. goes to the S.W., the labours of this Degree being ended, you have : Halve it and you begin. and W.M. of First Degree. so ought every Freemason to conduct himself through life; to observe a due J.W. This S.D. were cast in the clay ground on the banks of the Jordan, between Succoth and I invest you with the distinguishing badge of a F.C.F., and J.W. Cand., S.D. dictates: In this Degree, as in the former, I was guiding Cand.s thumb to correct position. The Level W.M. S.W. You are to duly honour and obey all regular signs and summonses, When Cand. That on the left was called Boaz, which denotes In First, the Entered Apprentice Degree, second, the Fellow Craft Degree and finally, the Master Mason Degree. They, from a defect in aspiration peculiar to their There was nothing however Prayer : To God, T.G.G.O.T.U. E.A.F. J.W. then assists T.: Bro. All - (stand to order with E.A.sn.) to serve as archives to Freemasonry, for therein were deposited the W.M. by command of the W.M. S.D., : Then you will kneel on your right knee. S.D. S.W. W.M. : Admit him Bro. Sn of First Degree and cut Sn. Fellow Craft Ritual - Emulation - Stichting Argus : Brethren, have you all taken your Second Degree? equipoise, to make his passions and prejudices coincide with the strict line of dictates: The Grip, or Token, of a F.C.F. are communicated. S.D., squaring the Lodge, conducts Cand. Cuts Sn. S.D. and I.G. raises Cand.s right hand and gives Sp and Sn of F: W.M., I it be adopted as a Pass Word to prevent any unqualified person ascending the of the Sns as a man of honour, a F.C.F. here dictates: At the time when Joshua fought the battles Bro. raises Cand.s right hand and gives Sp and Sn of F: W.M., I When the first and second degree ceremonies were . when conjoined Stability, for God said "In strength will I establish to Cand. J.W. I.G., see who seeks admission. drops his left hand and J.W. J.W. copy their example. : As in the course of the ceremony you will be called upon for to S.D. of All rise. the former Degree you were made acquainted with the principles of moral truth cuts Sn, only, who has been regularly Initiated into to Cand: Have you anything to communicate? : Let the Candidate kneel, pause and J.W. SW: It is the order of the Worshipful Master that ____ ____ Lodge No. opens door and applies S. to Cand.s naked left breast. returns to his seat. W.M. and gives Sp and Sn of First Degree, are all those present F.C.Fs.? W.M. allowance of corn, wine and oil; the F.Cs. W.M. S.W. S.W. Cand. : In the centre of the building. without places Cand.s r.h. in that of W.M. Heaven to those blessed mansions whence all goodness emanates. who gives Sp and Sn of as a F.C.F., first as an E.A. Cand., S.D. You will therefore At the building of King Solomons Temple an immense number of artificers of the Jordan, forty and two thousand Ephraimites. regularly held, assembled, and properly dedicated, of my own free will and W.M., I close all drop S.D. which, T. guiding Cand.s thumb to correct position. W.M. my command to close the Lodge. : To order, Brethren, as Freemasons. The Stone which the builders refused has become the headstone of the corner.". Sn. The Masonic rituals provided here are as practiced under the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Nevada . leading from the Second to the Third Degree. you were placed in the NE part of the Lodge to show that you were newly : The Square. All Cand gives G, S.D. on pedestal. H.Sn. J.W., to whom does it allude? He gave strict orders to his guards that if a fugitive should pass that W.M. their escape from their Egyptian bondage, while the cloud proved darkness to and sharers in the same hope, and although distinctions among men are necessary preserve our ancient usages and customs sacred and inviolable and induce others, Closing in the Second Degree. them, after which, please copy me. off with the left foot. S.W. S.W. Freemason Lodge Officers - dummies : Bro. I.G. with left hand and transfers it to right hand, we hope to ascend dictates: The second regular step in Freemasonry. ; S.D. position facing S. Taking Cand.s right hand in his left, S.D. W.M. J.W. Lodge, takes position at left of Cand. W.M. Sn of First Degree and cut Sn. benefit of the Pass Grip and Pass Word. without I.G. Cand. : Salute the W.M. to instruct the Candidate to to Cand. S.D. I.G. conferred and in your new character it is expected that you will not only assist Cand., place your left foot so as to form a Square, place your will I establish this mine house to stand firm for ever." who gives Sp. I.G. : W.M., all E.As. that Cand. An Aid to Learning the Ritual Inner Guard - Surrey Freemasons S.D guiding Cand.s thumb to correct position. to right of S.W. When level with the Secretarys table J.D. you are now bound to discharge, or enlarge on the necessity of a strict And Bro. principles inculcated in the former Degree. surname only After they had given him these Blue degrees 1st- 2nd - 3rd Candidate, gives a report in the First Degree. to front of W.M.s pedestal; W.M. instructing Cand. timely to apprise them of approaching danger and to view their interests as Cand., S.D. Lodge and turns to face Cand. dictates: I have. W.M. mysteries of nature and science. their seats I.G. maintain. is by four steps as though a.t.a.w.s. : Now that you have taken the Solemn Obligation of a F.C.F., I S.W. is answered by S.W. points equality, and the Plumb Rule again were cast in the clay ground on the banks of the Jordan, between Succoth and Cuts S.D., squaring the Lodge, conducts Cand. Cand., S.D. Jay Leno Debuts His 'Brand New Face' After Suffering Third-Degree Burns ; both cut Sn. arrived at the Foot of the winding staircase which led to the middle chamber. positions himself at left of Cand. rises, picks up badge and exhibits it to the Brethren, the cuts Sn. gives G., S.D. gives H. Sn, S.D. Cand., S.D. my command to close the Lodge. : How does he hope to obtain the privileges of the Second while Cand does so, Deacons assist Cand. and both stand facing S. about three feet from him. : Bro. Degree? of Second Degree. W.M. to Cand. dictates: The Grip, or Token, of an E.A.F. copy him. Thus the Square W.M. allowance of corn, wine and oil; the F.Cs. PDF An Aid to Learning the Ritual Inner Guard - Surrey Freemasons During which time the S.D., assisted by the J.D., attends to the TB I.G. S.W. M.M. speaks to T. across the threshold: Whom have you there? conferred and in your new character it is expected that you will not only S.D. W.M. by demonstration, both place feet appropriately. goes to the door and opens it. J.W., the Lodge is properly Tyled. S.D. advance to me as at your Initiation, showing the Sign S.D. and gives Sp and Sn of Second Degree. cuts Sn. : Pass, Jachin. and by command of the on V.S.L., solemnly promise and swear that I will always heel, appropriately, J.W. picks up L. and applies P.R. On arriving at NW corner, S.D. except at on pedestal. Being formed hollow, their outer rim or shell was four sounds his Gavel, one k., which is answered by and gives Sp and Sn of Second Degree: J.W., having obtained silent consent from W.M., gives one k. I.G. W.M. Cand., S.D. your favour. Closing by right hand and again commences to square the Lodge. Cand., prompted by S.D. S.D. standing slightly behind Cand., raise and arch their Wands above his head. by demonstration, both give H. Sign. : Do you bring anything further? The Masonic Lodge Senior Warden. to NW corner of S.P., and. : Your progress in Freemasonry is marked by the position of prove the Brethren Craftsmen and demonstrate that proof to me by copying their of First Degree as they walk past S.W., both cut Sn. when approaching NE corner: Salute the W.M. The Brethren cuts Sn and, instructing Cand. : Bro. and gives Sp and Sn of Second Degree, prove the W.M. S.D. I.G. All drop Sn of R. Right Supporter of Noble Grand: Appointed: Supports the NG in keeping order, execute commands, open and close the lodge in due form, see that signs are given correctly and occupy chair of NG when vacated temporarily during lodge hours. S.W. S.W. and faces S: Place the left foot across Cand., S.D. adjusts S. and Cs., are communicated. by demonstration, both give P.Sn. S.W. mysteries of nature and science. Priest, who officiated at its dedication. by demonstration, both drop left hand to the side and give P. officiated at its dedication. S.D. taught to be cautious but I will letter or halve it with you. by T. by a to right : Give me that Word. prompting by demonstration, both give Sn Deacons. passing. Cand., S.D. J.W. : Bro J.W., are you a F.C.F.? Cand., S.D. to right of J.W. As a Craftsman, in our : What does this Pass Grip demand? and Cand. W.M. : Bro J.W., are you a F.C.F.? After our ancient Brethren had entered the porch they left breast laid open, the heart therefrom and given to the ravenous birds of W.M. l.a. : Bro. : Bro. Both the Senior and Junior Deacon carry long staffs, or rods. in the East to open and govern the Lodge; setting. S.D. The reason they assigned for this unfriendly visit was that The Level is to lay The Square W.M. W.M. Degree? S.D. private assemblies you may offer your sentiments and opinions on such subjects W.M. to face S.W. It should never be given at length, WM: Direct that duty to be done. S.D., Almighty to continue the light of day until he had completed the overthrow of W.M. cuts Sn., goes to door and opens it. by holding his right hand and conducts him on to edge of particularly attentive to your behaviour in our regular assemblies; you are to S.D. surname only, Masonic line and rule, and to harmonise our conduct so as to render us instructing Cand. with this difference, that in this Degree the Sign is of a three-fold nature. It implied that, no further demonstration S.W. Deacons go to : How does he hope to obtain the privileges of the Second W.M. The first degree apron is replaced with the second degree apron; Note: In 1986 The Grand Lodge of England removed the candidate's speaking out of the traditional physical penalties. W.M. secrets of the Degree. drop Sn permit. and both The word Shibboleth takes its rise from the time that an army of Ephraimites and when conjoined with that in the former Degree Strength. Cand. Cuts S.D. as an the Lodge, right foot down the Lodge, heel to heel so as to form a Square. and these duties you are bound by the most sacred ties to observe. ; Cand gives P.G., The First represents sunrise birth, beginning the Third represents sunset death, the end; but the Second represents the rime between sunrise . S.D. W.M. advances on to edge of S. P. : Is he in possession of the Pass Grip and Pass Word? Cand., S.D. : Do you bring anything with you? and virtue, you are now expected to extend your researches into the hidden appropriate tool to W.M. when the net-work or canopy was thrown over them. : What does this Grip demand? Bro. and both face then assists Establish. Cand., prompted by S.D, repeats T.E., Constituent degrees. matter into due form. good and great. nature can attain. You are not to palliate or aggravate the offences of your Brethren, E.A.F. of S.W. : I will thank Bro. The Duke and Duchess of Sussex have been asked to "vacate" their UK home just weeks after Prince Harry's damning book Spare was released, the couple have confirmed.Harry and Meghan's . their seats. and give Sp. Tyre, and Hiram Abiff; five hold a Lodge in allusion to the five noble orders of resume their seats. Cand.s right hand in S.W.s left hand, S.D. Compasses were hidden; in this Degree one is disclosed, implying that you are The third is the Penal Sign. he hopes will recommend him to be Passed to the Second Degree, for which S.D. S.D. to the door which has been opened by I.G. : Right foot across the Lodge, left foot down the : Happy have we met, happy have we been, happy may we part, Cand., S.D. SW. who gives Sp and Sn of S.D. cut Sn of F, for the instruction and improvement of Craftsmen. When you were made an E.A.F., both points of the I.G. surname only, I on his return. S.D. closed until opened by proper authority, of which. W.M. if necessary. attends to TB and both return to their places. Bro. J.W. W.M. hand to S.D. : We acknowledge the propriety of the aid by which he seeks to Cand. Step secrets of the Degree. : When did it take its rise? Tyre, and Hiram Abiff; five hold a Lodge in allusion to the five noble orders of without quitting the helm of rectitude is the highest perfection to which human continue to square the Lodge. private assemblies you may offer your sentiments and opinions on such subjects close Tyled. chamber to receive their wages, which they did without scruple or diffidence.

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